As a pet parent, I often wonder what my cats think about throughout the day. What are they pondering when they rub their face on things? What’s going through their minds when they knock a vase off the edge of the table? And do they think about me when I’m not there?

Cats are confusing and mysterious creatures – one minute they're rolling around on their belly and purring as you stroke them, the next, they've got four paws wrapped around your arm with claws buried deep in your skin – so I'd love to know what really goes on in those heads of theirs.

To find out the answers, I asked Dr Rebecca MacMillan, a qualified vet with 16 years of experience working with cats, to see what she had to say. While we can't ever know 100% what's inside their brain, experts like her can make a pretty good educated guess!

What cats think about

1. Food and water

You could probably guess this one yourself, but Dr MacMillan explains that food and water are high up on your cat's list of thoughts, as their survival depends on them.

She says, "They are hardwired to give this some serious consideration. If your cat is bored and lacking other forms of mental stimulation, then food will dominate their thoughts even more."

So, if you've noticed your cat is overeating and you've ruled out any underlying medical conditions, investing in the best puzzle feeder is a great way to keep them occupied while satisfying their cravings.

2. Their environment

Next on the list is their environment. What place can they explore next? Where can they hide? What could they jump on? And are there any threats to be wary of? Cats are curious by nature and are always looking for ways to interact with the world around them.

She adds, "New sounds, visitors, or smells will give your cat some pause for thought and could even make them feel anxious. Cats are very territorial animals and will spend plenty of time keeping an eye on their surroundings, in between cat naps and other activities."

It's important to provide your feline with plenty of the best cat toys, ledges, scratching posts, and hiding spots to help them express these natural instincts.

3. Social interactions and play

Cats are more sociable than most people think, and a lot of the time, they'll be thinking about how to interact with you and any other pets they live with.

Dr MacMillan says, "Hopefully, these are all positive thoughts, but some cats will suffer from stress and anxiety when introductions haven’t been smooth. Cats soon learn to seek you out for play and a fuss, so they might be thinking about this and contemplating their next move."

When it comes to play, your cat needs around an hour every day, but you can break this up into smaller sessions to make it more manageable. Lots of pet parents find the best automated cat toys helpful for when they're not around the house.

While humans often dwell on the past, cats are excellent at living in the moment and are most interested in what’s happening now. That being said, Dr MacMillan says they have pretty good memories!

She adds: "Don’t forget that cats also sleep a fair amount, so catnaps will help to break up their day, giving their busy brains a rest."

Read next: Signs your cat is happy and do cats think humans are cats?

Edited by Georgia Guerin and Alexis De Leaver.

Two things we know about cats are that they’re pretty intelligent and that they’re creatures of habit and routine.

Despite their love for routine, cats can often be curious, too. It’s partly because they’re so smart, but also because curiosity would help them hide from predators and catch prey in the wild, or the best cat treats when hidden at home. But, maybe cats aren’t quite as curious as we thought.

That’s if a new study from the University of Sussex is anything to go by. The research, published in the journal PLOS One earlier this month, found that cats don’t track objects once they’re out of sight, unlike dogs, apes, and human infants.

Researchers wanted to find out whether cats would demonstrate level 6 object permanence. In other words, the understanding that objects still exist even if they’re moved out of sight in a way that isn’t directly observed. They expected that cats would, given their curiosity and hunting behaviors, but that wasn’t the case (nevertheless, you can find out if cats are smarter than dogs here!).

In the experiment, a toy was hidden and then revealed in either the original location or an unexpected one. Researchers used two boxes, obscuring and moving them before either swapping them (a violation event) or returning them to their original places (expected event).

Surprisingly, the cats showed more interest when the toy was revealed in the original location. Cats were more likely to play with the toy when it reappeared in the original location. And, they looked at the toy for longer when expected events occurred before violation events.

"Cats were able to discriminate between expected and unexpected events, but in the opposite direction of what our existing knowledge in infants and dogs would otherwise suggest,” explained Jemma Forman, Doctoral Researcher at the University of Sussex. “These findings support the movement towards cat-friendly methods of research to better understand what our feline friends are thinking.”

Study co-author Jordan S Rowe added: “Cats can exhibit avoidant or hesitant behaviour around unfamiliar humans, which can affect their engagement in cognitive tasks. Here, we found that cats were more likely to play with the toy, but less likely to interact with the boxes, when events were presented by a stranger rather than their owner. These findings suggest that cats still show a general interest in cognitive tasks, but display complex behaviours in the presence of an unfamiliar person."

Interestingly, certain cats – female, indoor-only, and mixed-breed cats, as well as those from multi-cat households – were more likely to show interest in the toy.

The researchers told PetsRadar that no “solid conclusions” can be drawn as to why yet, but that indoor-only cats may have been more interested if they’re more used to toys being an enrichment activity, as opposed to cats with outdoor access who have additional enrichment from the outside.

“Because we had unexpectedly found that cats were more interested in consistent events [rather than violation events], Researchers surprised to find cats engage more with predictable than surprise events, and seek further investigation for the reasons why this was the case for our sample of cats,” they added. “The large amount of research into object permanence would suggest that cats should have been more interested in violation events [instead of consistent events]. From the results of our study, we would suggest that this points to a motivational explanation instead of a cognitive explanation.”

Read next: 13 fun cat brain facts that will blow your mind

Do you ever catch yourself just gazing at your cat while they’re sleeping? Whether they’re curled up on your lap, they’ve contorted themselves into the strangest sleep position, or they’re simply purring away, sleeping cats are seriously cute.

One thing you may have noticed is that your cat likes to sleep on their left side when they’re in one of the best cat beds or snoozing on the couch. A new study has found that cats prefer to sleep on this side, with researchers from Italy, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, and Turkey working together to find out more about their sleeping habits.

The team around Dr Sevim Isparta and Professor Onur Güntürkün wanted to find out whether cats prefer to sleep on a particular side. So, they analyzed several hundred YouTube videos of sleeping cats.

Publishing their findings in the journal Current Biology, they reported back on the 408 videos they viewed. In all videos, a single cat needed to be clearly visible with their entire body sleeping on one side for at least ten seconds. Only original videos were used, with modified or flipped clips excluded.

Two-thirds of the videos showed cats sleeping on their left side.

The researchers consider sleeping on their left side to have had an evolutionary advantage for cats – helping them hunt and escape after they wake up. Cats, of course, would be pretty vulnerable while asleep in the wild, and they sleep for at least half the day, so this makes a lot of sense for them.

Cats who sleep on their left side perceive their surroundings with their left visual field. This is processed in the right hemisphere of the brain, which specializes in spatial awareness, the processing of threats, and the coordination of movements allowing the animal to escape.

Essentially, if a cat sleeps on their left, visual information goes to the right side of their brain, which is best at processing it.

"Asymmetries in behavior can have advantages because both hemispheres of the brain specialize in different tasks," explained Professor Güntürkün.

The researchers summarized: “Sleeping on the left side can therefore be a survival strategy.”

Read next: Why does my cat sleep by my head?

Cats can be quite tricky to read sometimes, especially because they don’t wear their emotions on their faces as much as dogs.

That’s why it’s important to know what your cat is trying to say with their body language. That way, you can better meet their needs, ensure that they’re a happy and healthy cat, and put your own mind at rest too because you’ll be able to suss out what they’re thinking!

Fortunately, certified cat behaviorist Saba Sayyed, or A Cat Behaviourist, has explained everything we need to know in a new post – let’s take a look at a few key body language indicators.

1. Tail flicking
Sayyed explains that, while most cat parents think it indicates attitude or annoyance, it can actually be a sign of overstimulation, anxiety, or uncertainty – particularly if it’s low or quick.

What you can do is give your kitty some space, and let them unwind for a little while before you engage with them again.

2. Slow blinking
It might look as though your cat wants to fall asleep, but slow blinking is actually one of the best signals your cat can give you. It shows you that they trust you and feel an emotional connection.

Return the gesture by blinking slowly back at them. It’s the feline equivalent of saying ‘I love you’.

3. Ears pointing sideways
If your cat's ears are pointed sideways, your cat might be unsure about the situation, on alert, or perhaps processing sounds or environments they’re unfamiliar with. It doesn’t mean that they’re relaxed, which is a fairly common misconception.

Because your cat might be feeling a bit on edge, simply stay calm and give them some space. Try to reduce the stimulation in the environment if you can, too.

4. Tucking paws and tail
Why do cats loaf? Well, it can mean that they’re feeling relaxed. But that’s not always the case. It can mean that they’re overwhelmed and shutting down emotionally.

Just as you might if your cat’s ears are pointing sideways, give them some space, and ensure they aren’t too overstimulated or affected by the noise or overcrowding in their environment.

5. Exposing their belly
We all know a dog who loves a belly rub, but is your cat inviting you to pet them there? In fact, when your cat exposes their stomach, they’re showing you that they feel safe – cats in this position feel vulnerable, so it means they trust you.

While some cats do enjoy belly rubs, you might want to simply leave them be.

Read next: How cats show affection or signs a cat is happy

There are lots of fascinating and quirky pet behaviors that leave all us humans scratching our heads. Here at PetsRadar, we never get tired of learning more about our canine companions and feline friends, so we're thrilled to do a deep dive and find out exactly why they do the things they do.

From pups burying their favorite dog toys to cats knocking things off shelves, there's never a dull moment when you have a pet in the house. Cats and dogs are forever charming us with their quirky and endearing behaviors, but you may be surprised to learn why they do them in the first place.

Below, we explore those weird cat behaviors that leave you scratching your head and those funny things dogs do that have you laughing out loud. And trust us, a few of the reasons behind their antics may just surprise you! So, without further ado, here's what's going on in the mind of your four-legged friend...

20 quirky pet behaviors explained

1. Sitting in boxes

Why do cats like to be in boxes? It's a question you may well be asking if you have a feline friend in your life. Cats are funny creatures—you spend money investing in all sorts of different cat toys for them to play with, and they always choose the cardboard box you've left lying around! Perhaps the most amusing thing of all is how often they'll try to squeeze themselves into boxes that are clearly far too small for them.

But believe it or not, this fascination with boxes goes beyond them just being a fun play thing. Cats love to hide, so boxes can help them feel safe and protected. Many also enjoy the texture. Boxes are cool and smooth, which can feel good against their skin and the cardboard itself is fun to scratch and chew.

And then of course there's the fact that cats are territorial creatures and when they transfer their scent to the box, it's becomes theirs and is instantly more appealing.

2. Head tilt

If you know how to read dog body language, then chances are you may already be familiar with all the reasons our canine companions tilt their heads. Dogs have a much better sense of hearing than we do, but one area where we do tend to excel is with directional hearing—something that dogs aren't so great with.

Dogs will often cock their heads to one side when they hear a sound that interests them. Because their directional hearing isn't good, they rely on moving their head and ears to help them decipher where a sound is coming from.

They'll also tilt their head when trying to absorb and understand what their owners are saying to them. However, if you have a dog and they're tilting their head excessively, this could indicate an underlying health issue—like an ear infection—and warrants a trip to the vet.

3. Kneading

When it comes to why cats knead, the answer is rather sweet. This fascinating and adorable behavior can be traced back to when they were kittens and would knead their mothers to stimulate the release of milk. However, once cats reach adulthood, you'll tend to see this behavior when they're feeling happy and content.

Kneading also serves another important purpose. Because cats have scent glands in their paws, front paw kneading helps to transfer this scent onto whatever it is that they're kneading. Sometimes that's a blanket, and sometimes it may well be your lap! Either way, this is a cat's way of marking their territory and letting the world know that this particular item or person belongs to them.

4. Wagging tail

Why do dogs have tails? Well, for starters, it helps with their balance and movement, but tails serve another important function too—they help dogs to communicate. There's nothing more joyful than seeing a dog happily wagging its tail back and forth—it's hard not to smile when you're in the presence of all that enthusiasm!

Believe it or not, you won't see young puppies wagging their tails. That waggy tail is actually a learned behavior that they don't pick up until they're slightly older and are really starting to interact with one another. If you see a broad, sweeping tail accompanied by relaxed body posture, that's a good sign your dog is happy.

5. Presenting you with their butt

If you have a feline friend in your life, you may have been presented with their butt on more than one occasion—especially when you've given their back a good scratch. Cat communication can range from the weird to the wonderful and having them put their butt on full display while in your presence probably leans more towards the former than the latter!

But while it may not be your favorite thing, this fascinating behavior is actually high praise from your cat. You see, when a cat raises their tail in the presence of another cat, it's actually an invitation to sniff their butt and say hello.

Now, we certainly don't encourage you to do that, but showing you their butt is their way of greeting you—in much the same way you might give a friend a hug—so you can acknowledge it by giving them a scratch on their head or back.

6. Eating poop

There are few things grosser in this world than watching a dog eat poop, so why on earth do they do it? Known as coprophagia, this behavior is common in young puppies who use their mouths to explore the world around them. But it can also occur in older dogs, too.

While it doesn't typically pose a danger to dogs, it's worth getting your pup looked over by a vet if they're still engaging in this behavior in adulthood. Sometimes it stems from a nutritional deficiency, and other times it may have a behavioral cause—such as boredom. If no underlying cause is found, training your dog not to eat poop is often very successful.

7. Covering poop

While some dogs are intent on eating poop, our feline friends are just as determined to cover theirs over. Even if they use a litter box, most cats choose to cover their poop—a behavior that's rooted in their DNA. Because their poop contains their scent, cats bury it to hide this and therefore protect themselves from predators.

Cats learn their litter box etiquette from their mother, so the majority will use litter or dirt to hide their poop. However, dominant males may sometimes leave their poop uncovered as a way of marking their territory.

8. Chasing their tail

There are lots of weird things that dogs do that are completely normal, and chasing their tail is one of them. There are several reasons why dogs chase their tails, with play being the most common amongst puppies. However, once dogs reach adulthood, there are typically other reasons they may chase their tails, which are worth being aware of.

Dogs need a lot of physical and mental stimulation each day to keep them happy and healthy, and if they're not getting that, they may turn to chasing their tails as a way to amuse themselves. Compulsive behavior, irritation, and injury are other potential causes of tail chasing. If you're unsure of the reason, it's worth having your pup checked over by a vet.

9. Cats eating grass and plants

Have you ever caught your cat nibbling on the leaves of your favorite plant? Or perhaps you've noticed them eating grass in the garden? While cats are carnivores, they'll often nibble on other things to get different nutrients or simply because they're bored and looking to create some fun for themselves.

Grass is absolutely fine for your feline friend to eat and won't cause them any harm. But you'll want to know how to stop a cat from eating plants unless you're sure that the flowers and foliage are 100% safe and non-toxic for cats.

10. Licking people

Is your dog licking you? The most common reason a dog will choose to lick their humans is to show affection—basically these doggy kisses are your canine companion's way of letting you know just how much you mean to them. Dogs may also lick to get attention. If you respond positively to this behavior, they'll keep doing it because it gets them what they want.

If your dog is licking excessively, it's worth getting them checked over by a vet as this can sometimes indicate an issue, such as canine dementia, stress, or anxiety. However, if the licking isn't excessive but it bothers you and you want to get your dog to stop, the best way to do that is to ignore the licking and reward your pup when they stop by giving them a few dog treats, praise, and a stroke. That way, they'll learn to associate not licking with getting what they want.

11. Drinking from faucets

If you've ever caught your feline friend drinking from one of the faucets in your home, you may be wondering why cats like running water so much. Cats are super clean creatures, so the first reason they do this is that they like their food and water sources to be kept separate. The faucet is likely well away from their food bowl, which is why they're probably so keen to drink from it.

Another reason is that cats know that running water is safer than stagnant water. Free-flowing water is typically free from bacteria and parasites, and it may be fresher and cleaner than the water in their bowl. Cats are also very curious and naturally drawn to movement, so running water tends to grab their attention. Plus, it's also fun to play with, which some cats really enjoy.

However, if you'd prefer your kitty doesn't drink from the faucet, why not purchase one of the best pet water fountains? These mimic the flowing water that comes out of a faucet, plus they have built-in filters to keep the water clean.

12. Humping

There's nothing more embarrassing than having friends over only for your dog to greet them a little too enthusiastically by humping their leg! Dogs hump for a variety of reasons including overstimulation, boredom, stress, a desire to assert dominance, and various medical issues. It's also a very common behavior in young, sexually mature dogs who have not been spayed or neutered.

Dogs may hump other dogs, people, or objects, and while most of the time it's not a cause for concern, some owners do find it problematic, particularly when it's excessive. The best way to put a stop to this behavior is to figure out the underlying cause. For example, if your dog is bored, giving them lots of mental and physical stimulation in the form of exercise and play time with the best dog puzzle toys is a great way to channel their attention and energy elsewhere.

13. Sleeping on your laptop

When it comes to achieving optimal work-life balance, there's no greater way to tick that box than working from home with your cat—they'll make sure you take regular breaks by choosing to fall asleep on your laptop!

It's one of those funny things cats do that's both frustrating when you have a deadline to meet and downright adorable at the same time. But aside from looking after our wellbeing, why else do cats do this?

Some people think that cats are drawn to laptops because they're warm, so it makes sense that they'd love curling up on their very own hot water bottle, especially in the colder months. However, it's more likely that they're drawn to your laptop because it contains your scent. Your cat then sleeps on it, transferring their scent onto the laptop alongside yours, which communicates to the world that both you (and your laptop!) belong to your feline friend. Which, when you think about it, is pretty darn cute.

14. Rolling in stinky things

It's both fascinating and horrifying to watch your dog decide that a really great way to spend their time is rolling around in another animals poop! Given that their sense of smell is so much stronger than ours, you'd think they'd be even less inclined than we are to roll around in stinky things, but for our canine companions, the smell of poop is attractive for a reason.

Dogs roll in poop because it helps them mark their territory, communicate with their pack, and it also hides their own scent. Territory marking is common because some dogs don't like the idea that there's another alpha on the scene. They may also roll in it as a way to mask their own scent, something that is often seen in dogs that were bred to hunt.

15. Knocking things over

Have you ever looked at your cat sitting on a shelf with their paw hovering over an object, uttered the words 'don't do it', and then have them stare at you, move their paw, and push said object off the shelf? If so, you're not alone! Cats are smart creatures who know full well what they're doing, and their mischievous antics can be both frustrating and hilarious.

There are lots of theories as to why cats do this. Some people say it's down to boredom and attention-seeking, while others think they're tapping into their natural hunting instincts or simply being playful. Dogs tend to explore their environment with their mouths, whereas cats like to use their paws, and when they move something and it rolls, they'll often respond by giving chase.

If you want to avoid your valuables from ending up broken, there are two things you can do. First, purchase a few of the best interactive cat toys and spend time each day playing with your kitty. Second, if your cat is doing it to get your attention, don't reward the behavior. Ignoring them is more likely to put a stop to this in the long run.

16. Sniffing crotches

It's rather mortifying to sit down at a social gathering and find that your dog is suddenly obsessed with sniffing your grandmother's crotch. While not an acceptable behavior amongst us humans, to our canine companions, this is a perfectly normal and polite way to say hello to someone—it's sort of the canine equivalent of shaking hands!

Dogs get a lot of their information about people and other animals through their scent, and because the most concentrated source of pheromones is in the crotch, that's where dogs head to find out more about the two and four-legged friends around them. So, try not to be embarrassed, this is perfectly normal doggy behavior.

17. Bringing you dead animals

One of the worst things about owning a cat is waking up to find your feline friend has brought you a mouse, a bird, or, heaven forbid, a large rat. Most of the time, they're sitting there looking proud as punch as they present you with their gift, but most of us cat parents likely wish they'd express their love through a snuggle session instead!

There are various reasons your cat may bring their catch into your home. Some people think it's because the house is their territory, so they're doing exactly what they'd do in the wild—bringing their kill back to their den.

Others think they're presenting you with what they've caught because in the wild, they'd share their kill with their family. So while we don't suppose you're very keen to eat that dead rodent in your kitchen, it's kind of sweet that your feline friend wants to ensure you're well nourished!

18. Hiding things

There are lots of weird things dogs do that are completely normal, and one of those is hiding treasured items. It may be food, treats, toys, or even something that belongs to you, basically anything your pup has decided is important to them, and they want to keep safe.

Most of the time, when dogs hide things, it's because they have a natural instinct to protect and guard their resources. Just like you might see a squirrel stashing nuts away during the fall, dogs will often put things in a secure location so they can return to them later.

It's a behavior that's deeply embedded in their DNA because, in the wild, they would have had to have hidden surplus food in a safe spot to prevent it from being found and eaten by competitors. Hiding things is more common in some breeds than others, with hunting dogs, like terriers and hounds, most likely to engage in this behavior.

19. Heat butting

If you're a cat parent, then you're probably familiar with something known as a head bunt, that adorable moment when your feline friend decides to headbutt you. Cats have glands on their cheeks, forehead, and chin that contain pheromones, and when they headbutt you, these pheromones get transferred onto you. Basically, it's your cat's way of letting the world know you belong to them!

Headbutting is one of the signs your cat is happy. You'll likely notice that your kitty appears relaxed both before and after engaging in this behavior. Many will purr, roll over, or simply seem very content—that's because facial pheromones have a calming effect.

20. Picking up stuff during a walk

No walk for a dog would be complete without finding the world's most perfect stick. Most of the time, that stick will be far larger than your canine companion and make it difficult for them to squeeze through small spaces, but this isn't a concern for your dog, what matters is they've found the stick of all sticks.

Most dogs are curious about any environment they find themselves in, and because they use their mouths to explore, picking things up—whether that's a stick, a discarded shoe or toy, or an item of clothing—is very normal behavior. Dogs have the same sort of inquisitive nature as toddlers, so they love to carry things for a while and then abruptly drop them and move on to something else.

Picking things up is particularly common amongst sporting and retrieving dog breeds who have this trait baked into their DNA.

Read next: 32 things your pet is trying to tell you

Edited by Georgia Guerin and Alexis De Leaver.

Want to know how to help an anxious cat? You've come to the right place. Just like us humans, every one of our feline friends is unique, so while some will be bold and outgoing, others will be more nervous and slower to warm up.

Anxiety in cats is more common than you might think, and it can manifest in all sorts of different ways. Some cats may eat very little, others may hide away, and some cats may overgroom or even become aggressive.

If you have a shy or anxious cat, know that you haven't done anything wrong. Character is determined by genetic make-up, the experiences your cat had when they were a kitten and in their adult life before you adopted them.

The good news is there's plenty you can do to help your cat grow in confidence and feel more at ease. Here are 20 of our favorite tips and tricks...

How to help an anxious cat

1. Give them plenty of choice and control

Cats like being in control, which is understandable given that they evolved to be independent and solitary creatures. They like being able to make their own decisions and do things on their own time and terms, so wherever possible, let them decide what they do and when.

This might look like letting them choose when they sleep, when they're finished with an interaction, and when they want to play with their favorite cat toys. Giving them this choice and control can be a wonderful way to build trust and help your cat feel more confident.

2. Introduce new things slowly

Even cats who aren't particularly shy or nervous tend to be wary of change, so you can only imagine how much anxious cats dislike it. Whether it's your work pattern that's different, renovations going on at home, or perhaps the arrival of a new family member, keep in mind that these big upheavals are likely to cause your kitty a lot of stress.

While it's impossible to eliminate change altogether, when change is necessary, try to do it slowly to give your feline friend time to adjust. For example, if a baby is on the way, you can start preparing your cat many months before they arrive by introducing them to things like the crib and stroller. Whatever changes are going on, try to keep your cat's routine as consistent as possible.

3. Provide lots of places for them to hide

Most shy or anxious cats really benefit from places they can retreat to when they're feeling stressed. Investing in one of the best cat trees that's tall and features one or two condos they can hide away in is one option, but you can also create safe spaces around your home.

Under the bed is a popular choice among anxious cats, but you can also make a cozy spot behind your couch or other furniture, leave out empty cardboard boxes, clear out a space at the bottom of your closet, or erect some high cat-friendly shelving around your house.

This will give your cat plenty of places they can go to when they feel the need to hide away.

4. Keep interactions on their terms

Looking for ways to be the best cat owner? Let your feline friend interact with you on their own terms. While a confident cat may not mind being picked up and held for a short while, shy or anxious cats typically do not like being restrained. If you want to pet your cat, do this while they're on the ground and never disturb them when they're hiding.

Let your cat approach you first and initiate an interaction. They may do this by rubbing up against you, pawing at you, meowing, or simply coming closer. You can try gently stroking them on their head or under their chin and seeing how they react – they'll be quick to tell you if they don't like it!

By giving your cat lots of choices, you help them to feel safer, more relaxed, and more in control of the relationship they have with you.

5. Manage their relationships with other pets

If you live in a multi-pet household, you'll want to manage the interactions between your anxious cat and your other animals. Remember that cats evolved to be solitary, so having other cats or dogs around can feel very threatening to them.

When introducing pets to each other, it's important to do this slowly and not rush things, as this will give your pets the best chance of getting along. It can also be wise if you're thinking of adopting another pet to try to choose a breed that would be a good fit for your cat – for example, a fairly relaxed and placid cat or dog would be much better than one who is high-energy.

6. Let guests know your cat is shy or anxious

Many outgoing and friendly cat breeds love welcoming guests into their home and will be only too happy to greet them at the door. But shy or anxious cats are likely to have a very different response. Instead of viewing a stranger as someone they just haven't made friends with yet, they're likely to feel worried or stressed about having an unknown person in their space.

Let your guests know before they enter your home that your feline friend isn't very confident and can find new people overwhelming. Ask them not to interact with your cat unless your cat specifically chooses to approach them, and make sure those cozy, safe spaces are all set up and ready for them should they feel the need to hide.

7. Try calming pheromones

When it comes to how to calm a cat during periods of high anxiety, many experts recommend calming pheromones. These come in the form of plug-in diffusers, and they emit a synthetic version of a particular pheromone that cats produce, which may have a soothing effect on your feline friend.

While not effective on all cats, many owners report that using a pheromone diffuser has helped their cat feel more secure and at ease in their home.

8. Keep to a routine

Cats are creatures of habit and most value predictability in their day-to-day life, which is why sticking closely to a routine is so important. Try to keep things as stable as you can in your cat's life – that means feeding and playing with them at the same time each day, having designated rest areas, and being consistent in your interactions.

If you're worried about things like keeping meal times to a schedule, investing in one of the best automatic pet feeders can help take the hassle out of feeding your cat. All you need to do is program the feeder to release food at set times, and it will take care of the rest for you.

9. Be calm and gentle around them

Cats that are shy, anxious, or nervous do best with pet parents who are calm, patient, and consistent. Being gentle with your fur friend will help them feel safer and more at ease.

Speak in a quiet and soothing tone as most cats (even confident ones!) react much better to this than high-pitched, excited sounds, and keep your movements slow and relaxed rather than quick and sudden.

10. Make sure they're microchipped

Shy or anxious cats are often more prone to panic than their more outgoing and relaxed brothers and sisters, so make sure your feline friend is microchipped and your details are up to date on the system.

This means that if your kitty does panic and run off if something scares or startles them, you'll have a much better chance of being reunited. And if your kitty likes to have access to the great outdoors, don't worry – fitting one of the best microchip cat flaps will mean they'll be able to come and go as they please.

11. Encourage interactive play

If your cat is shy or nervous, gently encouraging them to spend time playing with the best interactive cat toys can be a wonderful way to build their confidence and help them to come out of their shell. However, it's worth giving some thought to the kind of play sessions you invite your kitty to join you in.

Cats that are naturally nervous or easily overwhelmed often benefit from a slower pace to begin with. You might want to try gently moving a teaser wand around the floor or slowly rolling a ball past them and seeing if they engage. Respect their space and start gradually – you can always move to faster play sessions as they grow in confidence.

12. Use positive reinforcement

Whether you're training your cat or simply trying to get them to engage with you, always use positive reinforcement. When your feline friend does something you like (such as coming to sit near you or joining you in a play session), use plenty of verbal praise and a few cat treats, as this will encourage your kitty to repeat behaviors that you're wanting to see more of.

Positive reinforcement helps shy or nervous cats to associate situations they're uncertain about with good consequences, helping them to grow in confidence.

13. Focus on quality time

With shy or anxious cats, you want to be present but not smothering. Cats are much more introverted by nature than dogs are, and many will become stressed if they're not getting enough alone time. You also don't want to avoid your feline friend altogether, as this won't help them to become more confident.

So what's a confused pet parent to do? Focus on quality time rather than quantity. If your cat is hiding under the bed, you may not interact with them directly, but choosing to sit on your bed and read a book lets them know you're there. Make sure you're around enough that your cat gets used to your presence, but don't try to force interactions.

14. Understand feline body language

Cat body language may seem difficult to decipher at first, but it's not as complicated as you might think. Learning to understand the ways in which your kitty communicates can help to build trust and enable your cat to feel more comfortable and confident around you.

Some things to pay attention to are your cat's ears, tail, and the position of their body. If their ears are flattened or tucked back, that can indicate they're feeling anxious, fearful or that they may become aggressive. A tail pointing downward or tucked also signals fear or anxiety. In terms of their body, if they crouch or curl up in a ball, that's another sign that they're feeling stressed.

You'll know your cat is feeling at ease if their face and body are relaxed, and their tail is held high with a relaxed curve at the tip – sort of like a little question mark!

15. Respect their boundaries

One of the best ways to build confidence in your cat is to respect their boundaries. Always move at their pace, not yours, and whatever you do, don't undo all of your good work at the first sign that they might like to engage with you.

Some cats take a long time to trust people, so if they're starting to show signs of wanting to be pet, for example, start with the areas they're most likely to be comfortable with. You might give them a scratch under the chin or behind the ears or stroke their head.

If your cat gets to the point where they're rolling over and showing you their belly, resist the urge to rub it. A cat's stomach is the most vulnerable part of their body, and it's a huge sign of trust if they show it to you. It's also one of the most sensitive parts, and most cats don't enjoy being petted here. When they show it to you, it's not an invitation to be pet but simply a sign that they feel secure in your presence.

16. Try desensitizing them to scary sounds

Depending on what your cat's particular triggers are, you may find desensitization helpful. This is a process of gradually exposing your feline friend to things that scare them and rewarding calm behavior as a way of building confidence.

This can be a great tool when it comes to certain sounds that freak your cat out. For example, if fireworks or the vacuum cleaner have them running for cover, find a YouTube video of these sounds and play it at a very quiet volume. Reward any positive behavior. Gradually increase the volume until your cat is able to manage being around that particular noise.

Pay attention to your cat's body language whenever you're doing desensitization work and adjust your pace as needed. Keep sessions short to prevent your cat from becoming overwhelmed.

17. Slow blink at them

When it comes to cat communication, the slow blink has got to be one of the cutest ways they say I love you. Cats don't like direct, prolonged eye contact, as this sort of intense stare is something they'd only use if they were about to engage in a fight with another cat.

Because direct eye contact is threatening, try to avoid staring at your feline friend and instead give them a slow blink. Slowly close your eyes and then reopen them, briefly looking at your cat with a soft and gentle gaze. This is a great tool for building trust with cats who are naturally shy or anxious.

18. Make yourself look small

You may not think you're all that big, but to your cat, you're positively huge! Cats are small creatures, and we humans really tower over them, so it's no wonder they feel nervous and anxious around us sometimes.

The key to looking more approachable in your cat's eyes is to make yourself look as small as you can. When your cat's around, try to get down to their level sometimes. Sit on the floor or lie down near them – you'll be surprised how much more likely they are to come closer when you don't seem so big and threatening.

19. Invest in a scratching post

This may seem like an odd one. After all, what does scratching have to do with confidence? Well, as it turns out, quite a lot. Having one of the best cat scratching posts in your home won't just save your furniture, it also provides your feline friend with an opportunity to mark their territory.

Cats transfer their scent from their paws onto any objects that they scratch, so this can be a great way to help your cat feel more comfortable in your home.

Scratching serves another important function, too – it helps to relieve stress. Not to mention, it's great for keeping your cat's nails in tip-top condition, and it provides them with a lovely deep stretch as well.

20. Be patient

This one can be easy to overlook, but staying patient when working with shy or anxious cats is key to helping them grow in confidence. Some days it will feel like you've taken one step forward and two steps back, but trust that the more patient and consistent you are with your feline friend, the more they will learn to feel safe and secure around you.

Read next: 32 ways to destress your cat

Edited by Georgia Guerin and Alexis De Leaver.

Do you know the signs of an aggressive cat? If not, it's worth being aware of them. While we all hope we won't find ourselves on the other end of our cat's aggression, even typically friendly cats may become aggressive if they feel threatened.

Aggressive behaviors can also manifest as a result of stress and anxiety, and while these behaviors can be scary to be on the other end of, they are very normal and genetically programmed.

Because cats can't simply talk about how they're feeling, they'll often use a range of different body language and vocal cues to communicate how they're feeling. When it comes to how to calm an aggressive cat, the best thing you can do is learn to recognize the signs of aggression and give your kitty space when you see them.

To help you with this, we turned to expert vet Dr Rebecca MacMillan. Below, we've teamed up to bring you the 10 most common signs of an aggressive cat. Read on to find out what they are...

Signs of an aggressive cat

1. Biting

Why does my cat bite me is a common question amongst pet parents and for good reason – nobody wants to have their feline friend's fangs sunk into their arm or leg!

"Biting is a clear sign of aggression that you should take extremely seriously," says Dr MacMillan. "Cat bites can inflict serious damage, driving harmful bacteria under the skin or into a joint."

Your kitty may bite you if they dislike petting, you pet them in the wrong place, they're in pain, or they're feeling fearful. However, not all biting is a sign of aggression, as cat play biting is common (especially amongst younger cats) and a result of their natural urge to chase, capture, and bite prey.

2. Hissing

When it comes to things your cat is trying to tell you, a hiss is a clear sign that they're not happy. Cats hiss at each other and people when they're feeling threatened, and it's a normal way for them to express fear.

"An aggressive cat may let out a harsh hissing noise, which could also be accompanied by spitting," explains Dr MacMillan. "A hiss means you should back off and give the cat some space to calm down."

If your cat hisses at you, it's also a good idea to see if you can identify the cause, as this may assist you in making changes to their environment or the way you engage with them.

3. Scratching

When it comes to the most common cat behavior problems, being scratched is right up there. Cats may resort to physical contact as a way to communicate, especially if they're feeling fearful.

"Striking and inflicting a scratch is a cat’s way of defending themselves," Dr. MacMillan says. "Lashing out sends a clear message that this cat is not to be messed with."

However, just like with biting, not all scratching is a sign of aggression. Play aggression is a problem a lot of pet parents face, particularly with cats under the age of two who are still learning boundaries. If your cat scratches you during play sessions, avoid encouraging rough play and instead only engage when they're calm.

4. Growling

Cat growling is not a very pleasant behavior to be on the other end of, but it's been designed that way for a reason – it's meant to act as a warning to back off.

"Some cats will let out a deep growling noise, sometimes mixed with yowls, cries, or hisses," explains Dr MacMillan. "Growling is a warning sign that things could escalate if you don’t give them some space."

Cats may growl for several reasons, including being in pain, feeling stressed, or they're trying to protect their resources (like food, bedding, toys etc). Unless you're very clear on why your cat is growling, it's worth taking them to a vet for a checkup, as cats are masters at hiding signs of pain.

5. Dilated pupils

Cats rely heavily on body language to communicate how they're feeling. When their pupils dilate, that's typically because they've become overstimulated due to the rush of adrenaline.

"A scared or aggressive cat will often have very dilated pupils, allowing them to get as much sensory information as possible about their situation," explains Dr MacMillan. "Their eyes will also be very wide open."

While some degree of pupil dilation is normal in low light or when your kitty is stimulated during play, excessively dilated pupils (especially when they're accompanied by other signs) can indicate impending aggression.

6. Flattened ears

The position of a cat's ears is a crucial clue when it comes to aggression. "A cat that is tense or scared will have flattened ears," says Dr. MacMillan. "There is not one single meaning to this, but this defensive posture helps the cat to protect itself."

It's worth noting that ear positioning is determined by how your cat is feeling. If your kitty's ears are fully flattened against its head, then this is a good indicator they're feeling irritated or fearful, whereas if they're slightly back, then they're likely taking a more defensive posture.

With both of these positions, it's important to recognize that your cat is feeling threatened and may be about to attack, so giving them plenty of space will keep you safe and give them time to decompress.

7. Arched back

According to Dr MacMillan, cats will try to make themselves look big and threatening when feeling cornered. "Arching their back is a way to make themselves seem more imposing," she explains.

An arched back is only a sign of aggression when it's accompanied by other body language or behavioral cues, such as your cat's fur standing on end, their ears flattened, dilated pupils, or hissing or growling.

Cats will also arch their backs when they're wanting to give themselves a good stretch or when they're playing and having fun. Considering the context will help you establish whether or not their arched back is a sign of aggression.

8. Thrashing tail

Curious as to what your cat's tail is telling you? The answer lies in the positioning. A cat's tail is a clear indicator of their mood, and as Dr MacMillan points out, a tail that is angrily thrashing about should not be ignored.

"It is a sign that your cat is not feeling happy about something and that their behavior may escalate if their situation doesn’t improve," she says.

In contrast, a relaxed and upright tail typically signals contentment, while a low or tucked tail may indicate that your kitty is feeling fearful.

9. Staring

Cats don't like prolonged eye contact, whether that's with other cats or with humans, so if you've ever watched your kitty when they're calm, you'll notice they look away a lot. They may also give you a cute slow blink to show how much they love you.

According to Dr MacMillan, a direct stare without blinking is something you want to pay attention to. "A cat that is giving a hard stare may go on to attack," she explains. "A content and relaxed cat may look at you with a soft gaze and will often have slightly closed, slow blinking eyes."

10. Fur standing on end

Have you ever seen your cat's fur standing on end? You may have noticed that if they run into another cat in your neighborhood, they turn into a giant fluff ball. Dr MacMillan says that this is "a natural response to a threatening situation."

"The technical term for this is piloerection, and it is another method that cats use to make themselves seem more imposing," she adds. Fur will typically stand on end along the back and the tail.

If your feline friend suddenly develops this defensive posture and it's accompanied by other signs of aggression, like hissing, growling, or flattened ears, you'll want to step away and give them space to calm down.

Read next: Signs a cat is stressed

Edited by Georgia Guerin and Alexis De Leaver.

Is there anything better than hearing your cat purr while they’re on the couch next to you, or hearing their meow when you walk through the door?

Of course, some cat breeds make more noise than others, as do some individuals, and science might just have the answer to why cat communication can vary.

Scientists at Kyoto University’s Wildlife Research Center have found that it might be down to a gene. In a study, they looked at the androgen receptor gene in 280 spayed or neutered mixed-breed cats, comparing the DNA they found to behavior reports from cat parents, and then looked at how the gene appears in other species of cat.

As it turns out, cats who have a shorter version of the gene are more likely to purr and meow – and this is true for male cats in particular. Interestingly, female cats with the shorter gene show more aggression toward strangers, too.

Lead author Yume Okamoto, a doctoral student, said of the research: “When we called for participants, we were moved to receive responses from 265 cat owners from across Japan in just a single day, and received kind messages. This reminded us of the strong public interest in cat research.”

The scientists acknowledged that many of the cats taking part in the study were rescued strays, which could go some way to explaining their propensity for meowing. Purebred cats, on the other hand, are more likely to have the longer version of the gene, and less meowing in turn.

The shorter gene was also found in two wild cat species related closely to domestic cats: the leopard cat and the fishing cat. However, the longer gene was found only in some house cats. The findings suggest that domestication and selective breeding have influenced how cats communicate with people over the generations, and the researchers hope to bring other wild cat species into their research at a later stage.

Okamoto added: “Through our research, we hope to deepen our understanding of cats and contribute to building happier relationships between cats and humans.”

Read next: Why is my cat meowing so much?

Cats can seem like mysterious little creatures sometimes, hard to predict, and often simply doing their own thing.

When there’s a behavioral issue with your cat, whether it’s that they’re having accidents outside the litter box, they’re suddenly turning their nose up at the best cat food, or they’re scratching or biting you, it might seem as though it’s come out of nowhere. What can you do to tackle the problem?

Saba Sayyed, known as A Cat Behaviorist on Instagram, has outlined in a new post the one thing that she thinks cat parents need to know, so let’s take a look.

“Nine times out of 10? The issue didn’t start with the behavior,” she explains. “It started way earlier. The biggest mistake most cat parents make is this: They wait until something goes wrong to start learning about cat behavior.

“But by then, the problem has already escalated and their cat is anxious, confused, and suffering.”

The one thing she wants every cat parent to know is that it’s best to get educated before the behavior breaks down. In other words, “Be proactive, not reactive.”

Doing so, according to Sayyed, can prevent months or even years of stress for both feline and human, as well as anxiety in cats.

Remember, too, that positive reinforcement is always vital when you’re trying to address or change your cat’s behavior. We often associate training with dogs, but you can train cats too – try these tips for training your cat.

Just as you might use rewards like treats when training dogs, you can use them with cats – treats and praise are both great options – when your cat gives you the behavior you’re after. This encourages them to repeat those behaviors, meaning that you’re likely to see less of the undesirable behavior in the longer term.

You can also encourage your cats to display desirable behavior by modeling it. Take play, for example. If your cat likes to bite and scratch during play and you’d like to put a stop to cat play aggression, it’s important not to play rough with them and avoid using your fingers during play. Keep them for petting only.

Read next: How to discipline a cat and encourage good behavior, according to a vet

Most cats prefer running water for drinking, while others seem to enjoy sticking their whole head under the tap or pawing at a moving stream. But why? Is it the sound? The flavor? Something else? Below, I’m going to explain what we know – and what we can guess – about cats and their fascination with running water.

The most important thing to know is that cats do seem to prefer running water over still water. Since they’re descended from desert-dwellers and aren’t great at maintaining good hydration, this is something you should take advantage of as a cat parent.

I’ve been a vet for eight years, including working in a cat-only clinic, and I’ve suggested to many a cat parent that they install the best pet water fountains to encourage their cats to drink more water. So, do we know why cats love running water? And how can we turn this to our advantage? Let’s find out…

Why do cats like running water?

Unfortunately, one of the downsides of being a vet is that our patients can’t talk, so we can’t ask cats why they like running water. However, a good understanding of evolution, biology, and some of the research in this area means we can make some educated guesses.

1. It's fresher
Cats are naturally clean animals, with well-evolved abilities to avoid infection. They prefer their water and food in separate areas (probably so entrails don’t contaminate their water source).

We also think they prefer running water because it is likely to be cleaner and safer than still water. Still water is prone to becoming stagnant, building up bacteria and parasites, and even – in some climates – attracting predators. Running water is fresher and safer, and it’s likely our cats have retained this evolutionary preference.

2. Cats are drawn to movement
Your cat’s senses are highly attuned to movement, as any cat pouncing on a wand toy or even a fly will show you! They notice movement and are naturally curious to take a look – meaning running water is eye-catching and interesting to them.

3. Less risk of sore whiskers
Some people think that cats get ‘whisker fatigue’ when their sensitive whiskers touch the sides of a bowl constantly. Although we don’t know if this is true for all cats, there are definitely plenty of cats who prefer wider, shallower bowls. For cats, running water plays to their preferences to not have their whiskers constantly touched.

4. It’s fun
Like a child with a sprinkler, some cats seem to like playing with running water. It’s no surprise really – it’s fast-moving, and changes direction when you paw at it, so what’s not to love? For many cats, running water is less about thirst and more about play – and that’s ok!

Why do cats stare at running water?

Some cats don’t just drink running water, they’re fascinated by it. So why do cats stare at running water? Well, while we can’t be sure, it’s likely that the movement attracts them. The way the light plays off it, and even the sound of it trickling, may also attract their attention.

Are water fountains good for cats?

Because most cats prefer running water, water fountains are great for cats. While we can’t be 100% sure why they work, it really only matters that they do.

Of course, there are some cons to water fountains – firstly, it’s a bit harder to tell how much your cat has drunk, so you may be less likely to notice subtle changes in their drinking. Secondly, many cat water fountains can be noisy and use electricity to run.

They also cost more than a regular water bowl, which can be a problem in a multi-cat house, where several are needed. They can be harder to keep clean, too – if there are areas you can’t get to to clean, a bacterial biofilm can build up inside them.

That said, if your cat seems to like running water (or even if they don’t seem that fussed) it’s definitely worth trying a water fountain to encourage them to increase their water intake.

Most cats, especially if they’re on a dry diet, are a bit dehydrated – so anything we can do to keep them hydrated is great. This is especially important for cats with medical problems, but even for young, healthy cats, there’s some evidence that keeping them hydrated can protect their kidneys and reduce the risk of several medical problems.

Many cats love running water. We don’t know if they’re attracted by the sight, the sound, or as an ingrained habit from their evolutionary past, but we do know that they’re more likely to drink healthy amounts when offered running water from a cat water fountain. As a vet, I often recommend cat water fountains to pet parents, even when their cats are young and healthy.

You might also want to read: Why is my cat drinking a lot of water? Or, learn how long cats can go without water and what should cats drink?

Edited by Megan Milstead.

How do I know if my cat loves me? There will be signs! While cat communication isn't quite as easy to figure out as human communication, just because they can't use words like we can, it doesn't mean your feline friend isn't constantly letting you know how much you mean to them.

Sure, they may not be able to say thank you when you buy them a new toy or tell you that you're their favorite person in the whole world, but pay attention to your cat's body language and you'll soon see the signs your cat loves you.

To help you learn all the signs your cat loves you, we turned to expert vet Dr Rebecca MacMillan. From meowing and head butting to kneading you and following you from room to room, here are all the ways your feline friend shows they care...

How do I know if my cat loves me?

1. Slow blinking

Why do cats blink? Just like us humans, our feline friends blink to keep their eyes in good condition, but there's another reason too – they often use it as a way to communicate with their favorite humans.

"Slow blinking is a very subtle sign, but one that carries a big meaning," says Dr MacMillan. "Holding your gaze and giving you a slow blink is a big sign that your cat trusts and loves you."

2. Head butting

There's something so sweet about feeling your cat head butting your leg – it's sort of their way of saying 'hey, just letting you know I'm down here ready to receive some attention.'

"Head butting is a clear indication of love and affection, and most owners can’t resist fussing with their cat back when they pull this move!" says Dr MacMillan.

Not only is head-butting a way for many cats to let their humans know how they feel about them, but they also do it to distribute their scent and let the world know you belong to them.

3. Kneading you

If you've ever wondered why cats knead, you're not alone. While watching your kitty furiously knead a blanket can be an incredibly cute sight, it's quite another to have them dig their claws into your thinly clothed legs!

Although your feline friend clambering up on your lap for a good cuddle session is one of those things you likely can't get enough of, we understand you'd probably rather they did it without causing you quite so much discomfort.

However, you might feel somewhat better about those accidental scratch marks when you hear what Dr MacMillan has to say about kneading:

"Making biscuits [as it's often called] or kneading is a sign of true contentment in a cat," she explains. "It is the same action that kittens use when feeding from their mother, so if your cat kneads you, it means love."

4. Grooming you

When it comes to one of the sweetest ways cats show affection, grooming you has got to be near the top of the list. Cats can lick you for a number of reasons, and expressing their love for you is one of those.

"Grooming you is a way for some cats to show their affection," Dr MacMillan confirms. "This is an intimate action, and it’s a sign that your cat cares for you."

If your cat is licking you, it could well be an affiliative behavior. Allogrooming, a process where mothers groom their kittens and cats groom each other, is popular in the feline world, and your cat may do this to you as a way to nurture your relationship and cement your bond.

5. Purring

Why do cats purr? It's a question most of us pet parents will have asked at one time or another, and while Dr MacMillan says that purring isn't always a positive thing, it's often a sign of affection.

"Purring is a sign of happiness in cats… most of the time," she says. "Some cats will purr when nervous or uncomfortable. But if your cat is purring while showing some of the other signs on this list, then you can be sure they are feeling content."

6. Showing their belly

Cat body language can seem complex at first, but once you master the basics, you'll find it easier to figure out what it is your cat is trying to tell you. And if they're rolling over on their back? Well, that's a pretty good sign they love you!

"If a cat shows you their belly, then they must really love and trust you," Dr MacMillan explains. "This is a vulnerable position and not one that they would do unless they felt secure."

7. Greeting you at the door

Have you ever noticed that your cat responds to different people in different ways? For example, if a stranger comes to your home, your feline friend may hide away or continue going about their business. However, if it's someone they love, they may come running the minute they hear their favorite human arriving home.

Cats are very independent creatures, so when they make the effort to seek you out and say hello, that's very high praise indeed. "If your cat greets you at the door, then it’s likely they missed you when you were out!," says Dr MacMillan. "This is positive confirmation that your cat loves you."

8. Following you from room to room

Do you have a Velcro cat in your life? A kitty companion you refer to as your constant shadow? If so, you're not alone! While some independent cat breeds are happy to do their own thing, other cats prefer to stick close to their favorite humans.

"If your cat follows you around and wants to be in your company, then they are clearly well-bonded to you," says Dr MacMillan." Many cats form deep connections with those they love and like to spend as much time as possible with those they're closest to.

Curious about which cats are most prone to affectionate clinginess? You'll see this most often in breeds such as the sphynx, Siamese, Burmese, Maine Coon and ragdoll.

9. Sleeping near you

Ever found yourself asking the question, 'Why does my cat sleep between my legs?' Or perhaps they don't get that close, but they like to curl up beside you instead. Well, according to Dr MacMillan, it's often a sign of love.

"Some cats sleep near people for warmth and comfort. But others want their special human nearby for security– they feel protected when they are with you," she explains.

Cats can really struggle to switch off when they're sleeping because they're always on high alert for threats. But when they sleep near you, they're letting you take on the role of protector, enabling them to get the shut-eye they need.

10. Talking to you

When it comes to things your cat is trying to tell you, a meow is often their way of saying just how much you mean to them.

"A chatty cat is a happy cat!" says Dr MacMillan. "If your cat is trying to communicate with you with special meows and trills, then it shows they want your attention and value your relationship."

Of course, if it's dinner time, their meow might be less about letting you know how special you are and more about trying to get you to understand that they will simply die if they're not fed immediately. But most of the time, translating their meow into an 'I love you' is a good bet.

Read next: 10 signs your cat is stressed

Why do cats sit on their toys? If you've ever found yourself asking that question, rest assured you're not alone!

Many of us spoil our feline friends with the best toys for indoor cats, only to find that our kitties spend most of their time either lying on them or hiding them away.

When it comes to intriguing and weird cat behaviors, this one is definitely near the top of the list, but it turns out it's both common and normal. While it may seem a perplexing thing to do, there are several reasons why your cat may choose to sprawl out on top of their favorite catnip-filled mouse or feather teaser wand.

To get to the bottom of this curious kitty behavior, we turned to expert vet Dr Rebecca MacMillan to get her thoughts. Below, she reveals why a cat may sit on their toys, whether cats can become possessive over their treasured playthings and why they'll often decide to hide their toys where you can't find them.

Why do cats sit on their toys?

Cats are strange creatures with some rather peculiar habits, but they're so darn adorable that their many quirks tend to make us love them even more. If you've had your kitty for long enough, you've probably noticed them sitting on their toys from time to time. Here are five reasons why cats engage in this behavior:

1. Scent-marking

Our feline friends can be very territorial – especially when it comes to their favorite cat toys.

"Cats like to mark their territory and possessions with their scent," explains Dr. MacMillan. "This involves rubbing their face and body against things to deposit pheromones. Sitting on a toy could therefore be a scent marking technique."

2. Hiding it

According to Dr. MacMillan, sitting on a toy could be your cat's way of trying to hide it and mimic the sort of behavior they may have engaged in if they'd been living in the wild.

"While your cat’s wild ancestors may not have sat on their kill, some may have hidden their prey to keep it away from competitors. Your cat could be trying to replicate this with their toy."

3. Protecting it

Do you live in a multi-pet household? If so, sitting on their toys may be your cat's way of making sure none of the other pets in your family tries to play with it.

"Sitting on a toy could be your cat’s way of protecting possessions from other pets," Dr MacMillan confirms. "This is common in multi-cat households especially if there are not enough toys to go around or if your cat is trying to exert their dominance through resource-guarding."

4. It smells like you

There are so many ways to bond with your cat – and it turns out your feline friend may have a few of their own special ways to feel connected to you.

Dr. MacMillan says that there will be times when your cat will want to feel close you.

"One way of doing this is by snuggling up to items that smell like you, especially if you are busy or away," she explains.

5. It's comforting

We don’t always know for sure why cats sit on their toys, but Dr. MacMillan says that they may do this simply as a way to comfort themselves.

"Snuggling up with their favorite toy might help them to relax. Plus, if it gets a reaction out of you, then this will further reinforce the behavior and they will keep doing it!"

Are cats possessive of their toys?

While not all cats are possessive, some will become defensive over their toys. Dr. MacMillan says that possessive behavior is more common in multi-cat households, with cats protecting and blocking access to resources, also known as resource guarding. As far as your cat is concerned, a resource may be a food bowl, their litter tray, their bed or the best cat toys.

"Guarding toys could also be due to their natural instincts," Dr. MacMillan explains. "As hunters, they would have been possessive over their prey, as part of a survival instinct. An increase in possessive tendencies can be seen in cats that have behavioral issues, often due to boredom and lack of stimulation. Some cats can become overly attached to certain toys, especially if they don’t have access to many of them.

A cat that is possessive over their toys may show signs of aggression if challenged. This could be a growl, hissing, or even striking. You may also notice more fights breaking out between your cats than normal. A possessive cat may also carry their toy around with them or always keep it close by."

Read next: how to play with a cat without toys

Edited by Megan Milstead.

Does your cat cuddle with you? Some cats can be extremely affectionate, while others better fit the stereotype of the aloof feline who might like a pet here and there but nothing too over the top.

If you’d rather your cat cuddled with you more often – after all, you’re always straight there with the best cat treats for them – here’s what to remember, courtesy of certified cat behaviorist Saba Sayyed, or A Cat Behaviourist, as she’s known on Instagram.

“Every cat parent has been there, you reach for a cuddle, and they look at you like you’ve lost your mind,” begins Sayyed. “But before you take it personally, here’s the facts. Your cat isn’t rejecting you. They’re not being difficult.”

What we have to adjust to as humans is cats not showing their love in the way we expect, or the way we’re used to. Generally, cats will prefer sitting near us rather than on us, offering slow blinks rather than headbutts. Rather than sitting on your lap and falling asleep, they might follow you around.

As Sayyed continues, “Forcing affection? That’s how you lose their trust. Respect their space, and they’ll come to you, on their terms.”

Do cats know we love them? Cats do develop strong bonds with us, and some behaviorists think that our felines view us as their parents. This is why they might display signs of affection, which could range from those classic slow blinks to kneading, licking, and even lying on their back to expose their stomach. These are among the sweetest ways cats show affection, but there are all sorts of ways your cat might decide to show their love.

It’s important to remember not to take a lack of cuddles or physical affection personally, and take into account the potential reasons for your cat being more standoffish. If your cat is a rescue cat, they may have been feral or stray in the past and still be learning how to interact with humans, or they may have been abused in the past. For some cats, even just existing in your presence could be a big step.

If your cat suddenly stops enjoying cuddles or becomes less affectionate, however, they could be in pain. It’s a good idea to speak to the vet if you have any concerns.

If your cat isn’t a cuddler, keep an eye out for these eight tell-tale signs your cat loves you

How do cats play with each other? As a vet, I am often asked this question – especially by cat owners who are introducing a new feline into the household or trying to figure out if their cats are having fun or feuding!

I’ve been a practicing vet for more than 13 years. During this time, I’ve seen a wide range of feline behavior – from the lively antics of playful kittens to the more subtle social cues between adult cats.

Understanding how cats communicate and connect through play is key to supporting their wellbeing and nurturing positive relationships between feline companions.

Below, I’ll explain how cats typically play with each other, how to tell the difference between play and fighting, and what to do if your cats don’t seem to enjoy each other’s company. For tips on enriching their environment, don’t forget to take a look at our guide to the best cat toys for indoor cats. Let’s explore the world of feline fun...

How do cats play with each other?

Cats are natural hunters and explorers, and their play styles reflect this. Social play is most common between littermates or cats who have grown up together, but even adult cats can enjoy playful interactions with the right partner. Here are some of the main ways cats play together:

• Chasing and pouncing: This is classic cat play and mimics hunting behavior. One cat takes off while the other gives chase. You’ll often see them taking turns in the ‘hunter’ and ‘prey’ roles.
• Bunny kicking: When two cats tumble together and one grabs the other with their front paws and kicks with their back legs, it’s usually a form of rough-and-tumble play – as long as claws aren’t out and no one’s hissing.
• Batting and pawing: Gentle swipes at each other’s faces or paws are common in playful interactions. The movements are typically slow and relaxed rather than fast or aggressive.

• Hide and pounce games: One cat hides behind furniture or a corner, waiting to spring out at the other. This is great fun for playful cats and helps them burn off energy.
• Stalking behavior: A cat may crouch low and creep up on their companion – another behavior that’s rooted in predatory instincts but perfectly normal in play.
• Tail chasing (theirs or each other’s!): While solo tail chasing can sometimes indicate boredom or stress, cats will occasionally chase each other’s tails in a cheeky, playful way.
• Playful vocalizations: Some cats vocalize during play – little chirrups, trills, or even soft meows. If the tone is relaxed and there’s no growling or yowling, it’s all part of the fun.

How can you tell if two cats are playing or fighting?

Play and fighting can sometimes look surprisingly similar, especially when cats get carried away! There are some key differences to help you tell which is which.

• Body language is relaxed: In play, cats often have loose, bouncy movements. Ears are upright or slightly forward, and tails may be upright or flicking gently. In a fight, postures become tense – they usually have puffed-up fur, arched backs, and rigid tails.
• There’s role-switching: If both cats take turns chasing and pouncing, it’s a good sign they’re playing. One-sided behavior where one cat is always the aggressor might indicate bullying.
• Minimal noise: Play fighting is usually quiet, with occasional soft meows. Growling, hissing, yowling or screeching suggests things have turned serious.
• No injuries: Play rarely results in scratches or bites that break the skin. If one or both cats are getting hurt, it’s time to intervene.
• They come back for more: After a brief break, playful cats will often re-engage with each other. Cats that are fighting will avoid one another or show signs of stress after the interaction.

If you’re ever unsure, it’s best to separate the cats calmly and give them a break. Never punish them – this can increase stress and worsen the issue.

How to tell if a cat is play biting

Cat play biting is normal feline behavior – especially in kittens – but it’s important to distinguish it from true aggression.

• Play bites are gentle and controlled: They don’t break the skin and are usually accompanied by other relaxed body language, such as purring or blinking.
• There’s no hissing or growling: Aggressive bites tend to come with warning signs like flattened ears, tail lashing, or dilated pupils.
• It happens in the context of a game: If your cats are chasing, pouncing, and then doing some light nibbling, it’s probably all good fun.
• The other cat is tolerant: If the ‘victim’ doesn’t seem stressed and stays engaged in the interaction, the bite was likely playful. If they hiss, hide, or swat in return, it might have gone too far.

If biting escalates or becomes too rough, it may be time to step in with a distraction – like a feather wand or one of the best interactive cat toys, to redirect the energy. If it carries on, it is time to calmly separate the cats.

Why won’t my cats play together?

Not all cats are naturally inclined to play with others – and that’s okay. Here are a few reasons your cats might not be playing together:

• Different personalities: Some cats are more independent or shy by nature and may not enjoy rough-and-tumble games.
• Age differences: A sprightly kitten might overwhelm a senior cat who prefers napping to chasing.
• Incomplete introductions: If your cats weren’t introduced gradually and positively, they may not have formed a strong bond, which affects how (and if) they play.
• Underlying stress or tension: Environmental stressors like competition over resources (litter trays, food bowls, sleeping spots) can make cats less inclined to interact.
• Health issues: If one cat isn’t feeling well, they might be more irritable or withdrawn – even if they used to play a lot.

You can encourage cats to play together by using joint play sessions with cat toys or puzzle feeders. Always make sure each cat has access to their own food, water, litter trays, and resting areas that they can retreat to; this will reduce tension between them.

Understanding how cats play with each other is key to supporting their social wellbeing and fostering positive interactions within a multi-cat household.

Play is not only a form of exercise and mental stimulation – it’s also an important way that cats communicate and strengthen their bonds.

By learning to recognize the signs of healthy play versus conflict and providing the right environment for enrichment, you can help your feline companions thrive together.

Found this helpful? Read: Fun games to play with cats and reasons why your cat wants to play all the time

Edited by Megan Milstead and Georgia Guerin.

Why do cats play at night? If you’re one of the many cat parents being woken by the unmistakable sound of paws thundering across the floorboards at 3am, you’re in good company.

I have been a vet for more than 13 years and I’ve worked with countless cats and their owners to help manage nocturnal behavior. While it can be frustrating (especially when you’re losing sleep!), it’s also completely normal. Understanding why cats become so lively at night is the first step to helping them – and you – settle down more peacefully.

In this article, we’ll explore the natural instincts that drive your cat’s evening energy, what age they tend to mellow out, and how to manage nighttime play so everyone can get a restful night’s sleep. If you need ideas to keep your cat entertained during the day instead, don’t miss our guide to the best cat toys for indoor cats.

Why do cats play at night?

Cats are what we call crepuscular, which means they’re naturally most active during the twilight hours of dawn and dusk. This behavior is deeply rooted in their ancestry. In the wild, these times of day offer the perfect blend of opportunity and advantage for hunting.

Prey animals like mice, insects, and small birds tend to be more active at these hours, and the low light gives cats an edge when it comes to stalking and pouncing unseen.

Even though your modern house cat might enjoy a comfortable life with regular meals served in a bowl, those ingrained hunting instincts haven’t disappeared – they’re just redirected.

So, when your cat seems to spring to life just as you're settling down for the night, it’s not them being awkward or naughty – it’s simply their biology at play. Their internal body clock is telling them it’s time to be alert and active.

Add to that the fact they’ve likely spent most of the day dozing peacefully while you were out or at work, and by evening, they’ve got plenty of pent-up energy to burn.

This nocturnal energy burst is especially noticeable in kittens and younger cats. They’re naturally more energetic and inquisitive, always looking for new things to chase, climb, or bat around.

Without another feline playmate to tire them out, they may turn their attention to whatever moves, including your fingers, feet, or toes under the duvet. Night time zoomies, surprise pounces, and dramatic sprints down the hallway are all part of their normal behavior.

While it might be a little frustrating for tired humans gearing up to go to bed, it’s a sign of a happy, healthy, and well-adjusted feline.

At what age do cats calm down at night?

There’s good news: most cats do calm down with age. Kittens and young cats (up to around 18 months) are usually the most energetic, and their nocturnal antics can be especially intense.

This is perfectly normal, and with time, most cats settle into a more predictable routine. By the time they reach adulthood, many cats become more relaxed, especially if they’ve had consistent routines and plenty of daytime enrichment. Senior cats tend to be quieter still, often preferring their cozy beds to a midnight chase.

That said, every cat is different. Some individuals remain lively well into their golden years. The key is to channel that energy appropriately and establish a calming, consistent routine to encourage night time rest.

How to stop a cat from being active at night

If your cat’s night time energy is interfering with your sleep, here are some practical strategies to help:

1. Increase daytime play and stimulation:
One of the best ways to reduce night time zoomies is to ensure your cat is burning off their energy during the day. Schedule multiple short play sessions using toys that mimic prey, like feather wands, balls, or wind-up toys that they can chase.

Cats are natural hunters, so simulating that behavior with some of the best interactive cat toys helps satisfy their instincts and tires them out.

2. Feed a meal just before bedtime:
A full tummy often leads to a long nap. Try feeding your cat their main meal just before you go to bed. In the wild, a cat would typically hunt, eat, groom, and sleep. This means owners can use that pattern to their advantage.

It may also help to avoid giving late night snacks to your cat after they have been fed their evening meal. This may disrupt their sleeping patterns and also lead them to expect food at random times. Consider using one of the best food puzzles or slow-feeder bowls to make dinner time more mentally stimulating for your cat.

3. Rule out medical causes
If your cat's night time activity has suddenly started to be excessive or is accompanied by other unusual behaviors, make sure to consult your vet to rule out any underlying medical conditions.

4. Don’t reinforce attention-seeking behavior
It’s tempting to respond when your cat pounces on your feet or meows outside your door – but giving them attention (even negative attention!) can reinforce the behavior.

Instead, try to ignore disruptive antics and reward calm, quiet behavior when it happens. If your cat is persistently disruptive, consider setting up a separate sleeping area at night.

5. Provide night time enrichment
If your cat insists on being up at night, make sure they have something to do that isn’t waking you up. Offer a few quiet toys, puzzle feeders, or a window perch for bird-watching.

This way, they can entertain themselves safely and independently without needing your involvement, leaving you to get some well deserved rest.

6. Create a calming evening routine
Just as we wind down with quiet activities before bed, cats benefit from a predictable routine. Set aside time for interactive play, followed by a calm grooming session or a treat. This helps signal that it’s time to settle.

Consistency is key – stick to roughly the same bedtime each night so your cat knows what to expect.

Night-time play in cats is a perfectly natural behavior, rooted in their instincts as crepuscular hunters. While it can be a little disruptive for owners, understanding why your cat is most active at night can help you manage their energy in a positive way.

With the right combination of daytime enrichment, interactive play sessions, and a consistent routine, most cats can learn to adjust their activity levels to better align with household life. As always, if night-time behavior becomes excessive or concerning, it’s worth checking in with your vet to rule out any underlying health issues.

Read next: Why does my cat bring me toys? or reasons why your cat wants to play all the time

Edited by Megan Milstead.

There can be definite signs a cat is stressed, and knowing what these are can help you spot the signs early and get your cat the right support.

There are different types of anxiety in cats, but all cats will show some signs of stress from time to time. Short-term stress is not a major health concern, though it should still be handled with caution.

However, as vet Dr Rebecca MacMillan points out, “Cats that experience long-term stress can really start to struggle”.

Living under the pressure of stress for days or months can overload the cat and cause them to shut down. It’s important to recognise these deeper signs so you can know how to destress your cat. Having said that, individual cats tolerate stress to differing levels.

Let’s take a look at 10 signs a cat is stressed.

Short- and long-term stress in cats

Short-term stress is typically triggered by a specific experience, such as the application of flea treatment or noisy children visiting. The cat is likely to give out some stress signals, but once the cause has gone, they go back to being their normal self.

While we can train cats in being able to cope with situations they find hard to handle, the impact of the stress isn’t lasting.

Long-term stress is a different story, notes Dr. MacMillan. She gives examples such as another cat moving into their territory, an extended stay at a cattery, or even abuse or neglect.

“There is not one ultimate red-flag sign in cats,” says Dr MacMillan. “All signs of stress should be taken seriously, especially as cats can be subtle creatures. Their symptoms could also depend on their personality type and previous socialization.

“It could be something as low-key as not wanting to play with you as much or sleeping more. But for some cats, their stress will be much more obvious, and you can see problems like stress-induced cystitis, aggression, and vocalization. It is therefore important to recognize what is normal behavior for your cat and to act if anything starts to change.”

Signs a cat is stressed

1. Interacting with you less

If your once cuddly cat seems to be less affectionate or is even attempting to get away from you, they are clearly communicating they are unhappy with the situation, whatever that may be.

Potential issues may arise when you are trying to do something they find stressful, such as applying flea treatment, grooming, or bathing them.

Or it may run deeper – perhaps there is a new pet in the house, and they’d rather not face up to it, and you’ll be considered guilty if you’re giving it attention.

2. Hiding away much more than usual

While hiding is part of normal feline behavior, a cat that is seeking quiet refuge more than usual may be showing signs of stress. They feel vulnerable out in the open, and they aren’t wanting to interact normally.

This may be due to a particular stressor, such as loud noises, or they may be in pain or feeling sick. On the other hand, they may simply be exploring or finding a new place from which to pounce.

3. Inappropriate bathroom habits

A cat peeing outside the litter box could be a sign of stress. Especially, if a cat that has previously been well house-trained suddenly starts urinating either on the floor or in its carrier, something’s up.

The first stop should be the vet, as there could be an underlying medical reason for the incontinence. However, peeing outside their litter tray can also be a sign of stress.

This is often the result of a new cat in the house – the older resident might be trying to mark their territory, or they could feel intimidated by the new cat’s presence and be wary of using the litter box.

4. Alterations in their sleeping patterns

Cats are capricious creatures, and they don’t always follow set patterns for sleeping. One thing’s for sure, they do like to sleep a lot. But if a cat is feeling on high alert or is in pain, he may sleep less, and his sleep quality may be more fitful than a healthy, relaxed cat.

He may also try to find new, “safer” places to sleep where he feels less vulnerable. By monitoring what is normal for your individual cat, you will quickly be able to tell if something’s awry.

5. Changes in appetite

If your cat is not eating, or eating more or less than usual, he may be feeling stressed. Like humans, stress can have a significant effect on their eating habits. They may lose their appetite when they’re feeling fretful, or boredom may even cause them to comfort-eat.

However, stress is far more likely to cause inappetence as the stress hormones affect the digestive tract. If a cat is in fight or flight mode, its need to eat is its last concern.

A lack of appetite can also often signal a medical problem, which itself is a stressor.

6. Overgrooming themselves

Cats self-groom a lot, in fact, they spend much of the time (when they’re not sleeping) beautifying themselves. They’re not only cleaning their fur but getting rid of tangles, loose hair, and dirt.

But when this grooming becomes obsessive, and they lick their fur to the point of losing hair and you start noticing bald patches, this is the sign that stress might be a factor.

The excessive grooming could be due to stress, pain, allergy, itchiness, infection, or parasites – it’s definitely one to monitor.

7. Changes in facial expression

Cats are masters of self-expression; it’s like they can tell you exactly what they think of a situation.

“Watch out for stress signs, such as flattened ears, and eyes wide open with large pupils”, advises Dr MacMillan.

The way they hold their whiskers may also indicate they are on high alert.

8. A defensive posture

Dr MacMillan highlights that “crouched or tense posture, with a stiff, swishing tail indicates that a cat feels very stressed and defensive”.

Any change of posture could be a warning sign. For example, a cat that is arching their back, standing on tiptoes is signalling anxiety or a response to a potential threat.

9. Hissing or growling

Whether or not you agree with your cat about perceived threats, if they hiss or growl at anything, it shows that it is feeling very stressed and giving a clear warning to back off.

Typical stress-inducing threats might be other animals, such as dogs or vet visits. Their hiss is basically their defensive mechanism.

10. Aggression

Dr MacMillan pinpoints aggression as a “sign that your cat is feeling severely stressed and has escalated their behavior accordingly.”

Some cats are naturally more on their guard than others and quicker to resort to aggressive tactics, but any scratching or biting should be of concern, particularly if they are unable to escape from a situation that they find threatening.

Read next: Signs of a happy cat and how to keep a cat calm at the vet

Edited by Georgia Guerin and Alexis de Leaver

Why do cats play with their tail? It’s a fair question from any cat owner – or, indeed, anybody who spends their time watching cat videos on the internet. This adorable and funny behavior is really common in cats, but why do they do it?

I’ve been a vet for eight years, and – though I’m yet to see a cat do this in my consult room – it’s something I’m asked a lot. It’s also something I’ve noticed in my own foster cats, even when I buy them all the best cat toys. So, why do cats chase their tail? And should we stop them, or join in?

Why do cats play with their tail?

1. Boredom or stress

Cats who haven’t got enough mental stimulation are the most common patients I see chasing their tails. Since our domestic cats are naturally sleepy and seem lazy, it’s sometimes hard to remember that in the wild they’d spend much of the day hunting (and most of the time failing!) to catch food.

Instead, we feed them from a bowl, they gulp it down in minutes, and then spend the rest of the day not sufficiently stimulated. This can lead to behaviors like tail chasing in cats. Try increasing your cat’s mental workload by introducing play, training sessions, or the best cat puzzle feeders.

2. It's fun!

Even cats who have sufficient mental stimulation can chase and play with their tails. It’s like a toy they permanently carry around.

This is more likely in young kittens, who sometimes get a hankering to practice hunting, and lock onto whatever is nearest – even if that’s their own tail. Occasional tail chasing isn’t anything to worry about.

3. The tail is painful or itchy

Sometimes, cats can start chasing their tail because it’s painful or itchy, in which case you might notice their body language is more frustrated than playful.

Fleas can cause cats to be generally itchy and want to catch their tails, or a tail injury can also cause them to play with their tail while they try to clean the wound.

If your cat suddenly starts playing with their tail, it might be a good idea to examine the tail and check them for fleas to help rule this out. If you spot a wound, make sure you take your cat to the vet to be treated.

4. Anal gland problems

Most people don’t know that cats have anal glands as well as dogs! Cats have problems with their glands far less commonly than dogs, probably because of their cleaning routine.

But that doesn’t mean cats can’t have problems, especially if they’re a little overweight or not as limber as they used to be. You might notice cats with anal gland problems scooting their bottoms on the floor or playing with their tail as they try to ease their discomfort.

If you suspect this, take your cat to the vet, who can take a look and let you know if the anal glands are the reason your cat is playing with their tail.

5. Feline hyperesthesia syndrome

Cats with feline hyperesthesia syndrome (FHS) have overactive nerves in their skin, which causes them to feel things intensely or feel things that aren’t there, especially on their lower back.

It seems to be more common in Siamese cats, and can cause them to chase and play with their tail. FHS can only be diagnosed after other causes of hypersensitivity are ruled out.

Should I stop my cat from playing with their tail?

If your playful kitten occasionally plays with their tail, that’s probably normal – you could try increasing their other play opportunities with a new cat toy, or just sit back and laugh at their antics.

As long as they aren’t constantly playing with their tail, they’re probably just enjoying the novelty of carrying their toys with them. On the other hand, if your less-playful cat has suddenly started to play with their tail, it’s more of a concern.

It’s a good idea to look for other symptoms and check them over for wounds, and schedule an appointment with your vet if you spot anything amiss or they don’t stop after a day or two.

Is it OK to play with a cat’s tail?

In general, it’s not OK to play with a cat’s tail. Most cats find this annoying, and doing so is seen as a breach in their trust in you.

Not only that, but by playing with your cat’s tail, you’re inviting your cat to play with your hands – something that can lead to inappropriate play later down the line. Instead, you'll want to learn how to play with a cat the right way.

Hopefully, we’ve explained above why cats play with their tails, and now you know whether to intervene or just enjoy when your crazy kitty starts being silly. Remember, though – it’s never wrong to go to the vet for a check up if your instincts are saying this isn’t normal behavior. After all, you know your cat best.

Read next: Reasons why your cat wants to play all the time and why cats chase lasers.

Edited by Megan Milstead.

Whether your cat is an indoor or an outdoor cat, there are always going to be things to worry about.

One concern the parents of outdoor cats sometimes have is that their feline likes to bring home animals like birds or rodents. As humans, of course, we don’t find these ‘gifts’ particularly appealing, and you might be worried about the effect your beloved kitty is having on the local wildlife, too. Why don’t they stick to the best cat food indoors?

Short of keeping your cat indoors, which many pet parents don’t want to do, you might be short of ideas to stop cats killing birds and other creatures. Thankfully, the experts at cat insurance provider Animal Friends Pet Insurance have some insights to share with us here.

Jen Wormleighton, the company’s in-house vet, explains, “There are a few reasons you may want to stop your cat from bringing animals into your home, including avoiding any unwanted diseases which the rodents and other prey may be carrying. Not only that, reducing the number of animals your cat brings home will help birds and wildlife in your area, and minimize the impact on the local ecosystem.”

How to stop your cat bringing animals home

1. Do your best to keep them indoors during sunrise and sunset as birds and other wildlife tend to be more active at these times.

2. Add a bell to their collar to alert prey and give them time to escape before your kitty is too close.

3. Ensure that your cat is well-fed. Of course, this is something we should be doing regardless, but if you’ve noticed that your cat seems to be hunting more frequently, it might be a good idea to increase their food intake a little or change the times they’re fed.

How to deal with a gift from your cat

1. Avoid reacting negatively to the ‘gift’, because a cat is simply following their natural instincts and don’t know what they’ve done wrong. Many people believe cats bring animals home to share with us because they see us as members of their family, so in their eyes, they’re doing a good deed.

2. If the animal they bring home is alive, keep the cat away from the animal as you help it go free. You might guide it out of your home, or gently capture it in a container and place it somewhere safe outside.

3. If you’re not sure whether it’s alive or dead get in touch with an animal welfare charity. In the US, the ASPCA may be your best option.

4. If it’s dead, you can dispose of it safely. This can often be done in your outside garbage, but ensure you wear gloves and thoroughly wash your hands. For larger animals, you may need to consult your local authorities for advice.

5. If your cat has eaten its prey or has any injuries, monitor them and speak to your vet if concerned. Wild animals can carry diseases and parasites – it’s better to be on the safe side and get your cat checked over.

Not a cat parent yourself? If you’d still like to protect the local wildlife from cats in your area, here’s how to keep cats out of your yard

It’s very common to hear about therapy dogs helping out in places like hospitals, schools, and retirement homes – almost everyone likes to spend time with cute canines when they’re stressed, worried, or lonely, right?

When we think of therapy animals, cats don’t usually spring time mind as fast as their canine counterparts. They’re often typecast as more aloof, more selective with who they choose to spend time with, or more interested in playing with the best cat toys.

However, a new study has suggested that cats could be more effective in therapy than is popularly thought – the findings could lead to more cats being involved in therapeutic spaces.

Professor Patricia Pendry of Washington State University worked with Belgian researchers to find out whether some cats show consistent friendly behavior in environments that help people cope with stress and anxiety, and work out how cat personality traits could fit well in therapy programs.

Pendry explained, “There’s this perception that cats just aren’t suitable for this kind of work, but our study shows that some cats may thrive in these settings. It turns out that cats chosen to engage in animal-assisted services [AAS] seem to exhibit the same behavioral traits as therapy dogs – like high sociability and a willingness to engage with people.”

The study, published in the Animals journal, found that the cats working in AAS tended to be more social with humans and other cats alike, more attention-seeking, and more tolerant of being handled – and being picked up in particular.

It suggests that expanding therapy programs to include cats could make them accessible to more people. Some might prefer the quiet presence of a cat to the company of an excitable dog, for example. However, it’s important to consider that not all cats will be a good fit, and that therapy cats don’t tend to get trained for the role, unlike dogs. Some cats just seem to have the right personality traits.

Some cat breeds, like ragdolls and Maine Coons, are often considered to be more sociable, and more research is needed to work out if breeds like these might be the best fit for therapy. This study didn’t look at differences in behavior based on breed – only differences in traits within groups of cats.

More research is also needed to look at how therapy programs can use cats while also maximizing their welfare. Even cats who are suited to the role might get overwhelmed by long sessions or big groups of people. However, the right therapy programs could be perfect for cats – and really help their human clients, too.

Meanwhile, here are 32 ways having a pet can lower your stress levels, as well as the best emotional support animal breeds

Cats are fascinating creatures with unique abilities and skills to adapt to their ever-changing environments, setting them apart from other companion animals.

As a feline behaviorist, I have spent more than 30 years studying their behaviors and never stopped being amazed by them. They have evolved remarkably to become the agile, intelligent, and independent animals we know today.

From their incredible physical abilities (like purring superpowers) to quirky habits (like chirping), here are some of my favorite fun cat facts that might surprise you.

My favorite cat facts

1. A cat's whiskers are as sensitive as a human fingertip

A cat's whiskers, or vibrissae, are much more than just long hairs on its face. They are highly sensitive touch receptors that provide crucial information about their surroundings.

Whiskers are deeply embedded in a cat’s skin and connected to nerve endings, making them as sensitive as a human fingertip. Cutting or trimming a cat's whiskers can cause confusion and disorientation, so they should always be left intact.

Whiskers help cats measure spaces, detect air currents, and even sense nearby objects without touching them. This is why cats can easily navigate in the dark.

Often, pet parents offer food in deep or narrow circumference food bowls, which can cause whisker fatigue. This is caused by overstimulation and can be uncomfortable, causing cats to avoid the food bowl or drag food onto the floor.

To learn more, read our feature on why cats have whiskers.

2. Cats can’t taste sweetness

Can cats taste sugar? No! Unlike humans and dogs, cats lack the taste receptors to detect sweetness. This is because they are obligate carnivores, meaning their diet is strictly meat-based in order to thrive. Evolution has fine-tuned their senses to seek out protein and fat rather than sugar, which is of no nutritional value.

While they may be curious about sugary foods due to texture or smell, they do not experience the same pleasure from sweets. This is why you might see your cat sniff a piece of cake or ice cream and then walk away uninterested.

3. Purring has healing powers

We often associate a cat's purr with happiness and contentment, but purring serves a much deeper purpose. Cats also purr when in pain, stress, or even dying.

Research suggests that the frequency of a cat's purr, ranging from 25–150Hz, has therapeutic effects, promoting muscle and bone density repair and tissue regeneration.

Some studies have shown that these frequencies can aid in human healing, which may explain why having a purring cat nearby can be so soothing. It’s as if cats have a built-in self-healing mechanism, making them even more extraordinary.

4. Cats have a right or left paw preference, just like humans

Like people are left-handed or right-handed, cats also have a dominant paw. Studies suggest that male cats are more likely to be left-pawed, while female cats tend to favor their right paw.

You can test this by observing which paw your cat uses first when reaching for a toy, stepping over an object, or batting at something. This preference may be linked to how their brains are wired, just like in humans, though its exact significance is still being studied.

5. Cats can rotate their ears 180 degrees

Cats have an exceptional sense of hearing, thanks to the 32 muscles in each ear (compared to a human's six). These muscles allow them to rotate their ears independently up to 180 degrees, helping them pinpoint the exact location of a sound.

This ability is essential for hunting, as cats rely on sound to detect prey even in complete darkness. Their superior hearing also means they can pick up frequencies too high for human ears, so they may react to sounds we can’t even hear.

Studies suggest they can even hear an electric current pass down to the plug as we switch on electric appliances.

6. The chirping noise cats make is linked to their hunting instincts

If you’ve ever seen your cat sitting at a window, chattering or chirping at birds, you might wonder what they are doing. This behavior is believed to be a mix of frustration and instinct.

Some researchers have a theory that cats mimic the sounds of their prey to lure them in, while others believe the chattering is an involuntary response to excitement or a way to prepare their jaw muscles for a quick kill. Either way, it’s a fascinating display of their deep-rooted hunting instincts.

7. Cats walk like camels and giraffes

When cats walk, they move both right legs first, followed by both left legs. This unusual gait is shared by only a few other animals, including camels and giraffes.

This unique movement pattern helps them stay balanced and stealthy, making their footsteps almost silent. It is just another way cats have evolved to be the perfect hunters, allowing them to sneak up on prey without making a sound.

8. The slow blink is a cat’s way of demonstrating affection and trust

A large percentage of the cats' communication is nonverbal, and they use body language to communicate. One of the most endearing signs of affection is the slow blink.

When a cat looks at you and slowly closes its eyes, it shows that it feels safe and trusts you completely. In the wild, closing their eyes is a vulnerable act, even for a moment, so it is a massive compliment if your cat does this!

You can even return the gesture by slowly blinking back at them, which is a subtle but powerful way to bond with your feline friend.

If you want to learn more, read our features on why cats blink and cat body language.

9. Some cats have thumbs

Polydactyl cats have extra toes on their paws, making them appear to have thumbs. These additional digits can make them more dexterous, sometimes leading to unusual abilities like opening doors or grasping objects more effectively than a typical cat.

While polydactylism is a harmless genetic trait, it certainly adds charm to a cat with it.

10. A cat's nose is as unique as a human fingerprint

No two cats have the same nose print. The pattern of ridges and bumps on a cat’s nose is unique, much like a human fingerprint. This means that if cats ever needed their identification, a nose print would be as distinctive as a fingerprint scan.

Scientists don’t know why they have this unique nose print, but it could be useful one day for a nose scan entry cat flap if one were to be invented!

Want to learn more about your feline friend? Discover the meaning behind weird cat behaviors and whether can cats see in the dark – or discover a dog behaviorist’s favorite fascinating dog facts

Edited by by Megan Milstead.

Cats are endlessly intriguing animals, known for their independence, intelligence, and sometimes downright baffling behaviors.

While many cat parents have come to accept their feline’s quirky antics as part of the charm, some of these behaviors have deep-rooted explanations linked to instinct, evolution, or communication.

By understanding these peculiar habits, we can better understand our cats' needs, emotions, and interactions with their environment. Cats may seem unpredictable, but there is always a reason behind their weird behaviors.

If your cat suddenly starts a new behavior that is out of character for them (like sleeping in their litter box, for example), always check with your vet as sometimes cats can ‘act out’ to let us know that something is wrong.

I'm a clinical feline behaviorist at Kittysitty with more than 30 years of experience caring for cats. Below, I've explained 10 of the weirdest cat behaviors:

Weird cat behaviors explained

1. Chirping at birds

If you have ever watched your cat stare out the window at birds while making rapid, high-pitched chirping or chattering sounds, you’re not alone.

This unusual vocalization is thought to be tied to their hunting instincts. Some experts believe it’s a form of frustration, as your cat is watching prey it can’t physically reach.

Some behaviorists also suggest that the chattering motion may be an involuntary response – almost like a muscle reflex – as cats prepare their jaws for a quick, precise kill. Whatever the reason, it is a behavior deeply ingrained in their predatory nature.

2. The 3AM zoomies

As you settle into a deep sleep, your cat bolts frenetically through the house at top speed, bouncing off furniture and skidding across the floor.

This phenomenon, commonly called the “zoomies,” is a natural way for cats to release built-up energy. Unlike humans, cats don’t have a structured sleep schedule – they follow a crepuscular circadian rhythm, meaning they’re most active at dawn and dusk.

These are prime hunting times in the wild, so domesticated cats retain this instinct, even if they live indoors. If your cat regularly gets the zoomies at night, increasing their physical activity during the day and engaging in a play session before bedtime can help curb this nocturnal burst of energy.

3. Knocking things off the table

Many cat owners have witnessed their feline methodically pushing an object toward the edge of a table before sending it tumbling to the floor.

While it might seem like pure mischief, this behavior is tied to a cat’s natural curiosity and hunting instincts. In the wild, cats use their paws to test whether prey is still alive, and this behavior may stem from that instinct.

Another reason could be simple attention-seeking – if your cat notices that knocking something over gets a reaction from you, they may repeat the behavior to engage with you, relieving boredom.

Increasing play activity can help reduce this behavior, or ignoring it entirely, such as engaging in this game, will only reward the cat and cause it to perpetuate.

If that's the case, you might want to read our guide on how to play with a cat.

4. Cats have emotions

Cats are often perceived as independent and aloof, but they are highly emotional creatures capable of experiencing complex feelings, including jealousy and sadness.

While their emotions may not manifest in the same way as humans, studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that cats can feel possessive when their routines, relationships, or territory are disrupted.

Changes in attention levels can also trigger these emotions, as cats form deep bonds with their owners and can feel left out when their social dynamic shifts.

Similarly, cats are capable of experiencing sadness, particularly in response to loss or significant environmental changes. A cat mourning the absence of a companion, whether another pet or a beloved human, may display symptoms similar to grief in humans.

These can include a loss of appetite, withdrawal from social interactions, excessive sleeping, or even vocalizing in distress.

Cats are also susceptible to their owner’s emotions, often mirroring their feelings, which means a stressed or grieving human can unintentionally contribute to their cat’s sadness.

5. Random biting during petting

Many cat owners have experienced the confusing moment when a purring, content cat suddenly turns and gives a quick bite during a petting session.

This is often called “petting-induced aggression” and is usually caused by overstimulation. While gentle stroking may feel pleasant initially, repetitive touch can become overwhelming for some cats, leading to a reflexive bite.

Signs that your cat is reaching their threshold include tail twitching, ears rotating backward, or skin rippling. Paying attention to these cues and stopping petting before your cat becomes irritated can prevent these sudden nips.

6. Bringing you gifts

Finding a toy, sock, or even a dead mouse dropped at your feet might seem unsettling, but this is an act of generosity in your cat's mind.

Mother cats teach their young how to hunt in the wild by bringing them food. Some behaviorists believe that when your cat brings you a “gift”, they treat you like a social group member – perhaps even trying to teach you how to hunt.

While it may not be the most welcome present, it’s a sign that your cat sees you as part of their family.

7. Kneading with their paws

Milk treading or kneading, often called “making biscuits,” is when a cat rhythmically presses its paws into a soft surface, such as a blanket, pillow, or even their human.

This behavior originates from kittenhood when they knead their mother’s milk ducts around the teat to stimulate milk flow. Many cats continue this habit into adulthood to self-soothe and express comfort.

Kneading also serves another purpose – cats have scent glands in their paw pads, so by kneading, they mark their territory and reinforce their claim on a particular space or person.

8. Sitting in small boxes or on anything you're using

It’s a common scenario: you order an expensive cat bed, but your cat prefers to sleep in the cardboard box it came in. This is because cats are instinctively drawn to enclosed spaces, which provide security and warmth. Cats like boxes because they offer protection from potential threats, making them a perfect hideaway.

Similarly, if your cat frequently sits on your laptop, book, or laundry, it’s likely because these items carry your scent, and your cat wants to claim them as their own by mixing their scent with yours as well as directing your attention away from work and onto them!

9. Tail quivering

A cat approaching you with an upright tail that quivers slightly isn’t getting ready to spray – it’s a sign of excitement and affection. This behavior is commonly observed when a cat greets their favorite human after a period of separation.

It’s a way of showing enthusiasm and joy, much like a dog wagging its tail. Some cats may even do this when they see their food being prepared or when they are in an exceptionally playful mood.

10. Licking your hair

Ever wondered why cats lick you? Cats lick human hair as a form of social bonding, similar to how they groom other cats in their colony to reinforce relationships.

They may also be drawn to the scent and texture of wet hair, as it mimics the damp fur of another animal, triggering their natural grooming instincts.

Licking human hair also helps cats mark their territory and reinforce their bond with their owners. Cats have scent glands in their saliva, and by licking your hair, they are effectively transferring their scent onto you.

This form of scent marking helps them feel more secure as it mixes their scent with yours, creating a familiar, comforting smell.

Enjoyed this? You might also want to read these interesting cat facts or why cats play with their tails.

Edited by Megan Milstead.

Cats can be confusing little creatures. You share a house with them and provide for them, but they often like to do their own thing.

Sometimes, this isn’t a problem. You’ll be working at your desk or cooking dinner while they’re staring at birds or squirrels through the window or amusing themselves with one of the best interactive cat toys, and there’s no issue there. Other times, however, your cat might be scratching furniture in the middle of the night or peeing outside the litter box, which isn’t what you need!

If you’ve been trying to fix your cat’s behavior but nothing seems to be working, the answer might be more simple than you think. Saba Sayyed, known as A Cat Behaviourist on Instagram, has some advice, and we think it’s great!

“You’ve tried new toys, calming sprays, different food, even Googling answers at 3am … yet your cat’s behavior isn’t improving,” Sayyed begins. “The problem? You’re treating the symptoms, not the root cause.”

She uses cats scratching furniture as her first example.

“It’s not just about getting one of the best scratching posts, it’s about placement and reinforcement,” she explains – for your cat to use the post rather than the couch, for example, they’ll need plenty of positive reinforcement and you’ll need to ensure it’s in the right spot for them.

If your cat’s pooping outside the litter box, they aren’t being stubborn or awkward for the sake of it. It might not even be that they don’t like the type of cat litter.

“It’s about stress, territory, and routine,” explains Sayyed, so you might decide to move the litter box to a different location, clean it out more regularly, or add an extra litter box to give your cat more options – particularly if you have more than one cat at home!

What about aggression? If your cat displays aggression or seems grumpy, they aren’t being mean or spiteful. Your kitty might be overwhelmed or overstimulated, or simply need some time on their own to relax or decompress.

If you have any concerns about your cat’s behavior, it can be a good idea to consult your vet. For example, your cat may be more aggressive than usual if they’re in pain, so it’s worth getting them checked over, even if just to rule out something serious.

For more feline-friendly advice, here’s how to be a good cat owner with tips from a vet

Can a cat laugh? While it might not be the answer you were hoping for, there's no evidence to suggest that cats can giggle like us.

Even though you can't make your cat laugh (yes, not even if you tickle them!), there are plenty of other ways to tell if your cat is feeling happy or not. By providing them with the correct care and love – like regular play with the best cat toys, a complete diet, and a cozy place to snooze – you can ensure your kitty stays content.

Below, our in-house vet, Dr. Rebecca MacMillan, has explained why cats can't laugh, whether they can smile, plus the five signs of a happy cat. Let's dive in!

Can a cat laugh?

From slow blinking to kneading, there are lots of ways to determine if your cat is happy – but laughing isn't one of them! So, if you were hoping to share some of the funniest cat jokes to make them chuckle, this sadly won't be possible.

Dr. MacMillan says: "When people laugh, they do so loudly and clearly, which sets us apart from most animals. However, some species are thought to make play vocalizations akin to laughter. These indicate that they are having a positive experience, but these are often much quieter and less distinct than a human laugh.

"Scientists have identified 65 species of animal thought to make these noises when interacting with others of the same species, many of which are primates making panting, lip-smacking, and chuckling noises. There is no evidence that domestic cats laugh, but they can show they feel happy in other ways."

Can cats smile?

Cats don't smile in the same way that we do, but you can definitely figure out how they're feeling by reading their facial expressions.

It might not be as obvious as a human grin, but if you notice their mouth is closed and slightly upturned with relaxed facial muscles, it's usually a good sign, says Dr. MacMillan.

She adds: "This is usually accompanied by narrowed, slow-blinking eyes. While it is not a classic smile as we know it, this sort of expression could indicate your cat is feeling happy and content."

How do cats show they're happy?

As pet parents, there’s nothing more rewarding than knowing your cat is happy and that you’re doing a great job! We asked Dr. MacMillan to share the signs of a cheerful cat – here’s what she says to look out for:

1. Slow blinks

If you've ever wondered why cats blink, you'll be pleased to find out that it's a sign they're happy and trust you.

Dr. MacMillan says: "A content cat may also have narrowed, or nearly closed eyes. A cat feeling threatened would have their eyes wide open to keep an eye on the situation."

2. Seeking interaction and attention

Does your cat rub against you? If the answer is yes, Dr. MacMillan says they’re probably feeling happy and relaxed, wanting to greet you or show affection. They might also rub on furniture to distribute their pheromones, mark their territory, and engage in social interaction.

She says: "Not only will they be leaving their scent everywhere as they do this, but they will also be receiving the attention they desire from you. A happy cat will have a relaxed body and facial expression. They may be playful and greet you with an upright tail, often curled slightly over at the top."

3. Kneading

If you’ve ever noticed your cat kneading into you or their bedding (a.k.a. making biscuits), this is a sure signal that they’re happy and enjoying themselves, says Dr. MacMillan.

She adds: "This kneading action is thought to originate from when they were kittens, pawing against their mother to encourage milk to let down during feeding. Your cat may knead you, their bedding, or even the air."

4. Purring

This might go without saying, but purring is another indication that your cat is feeling good and is enjoying what you're doing. However, happiness isn't the only reason cats purr—it can also be a sign that they’re feeling anxious or stressed and are trying to self-soothe.

Dr. MacMillan says: "I hear many cats purring on my table during an examination, and not all of them are happy! So, check your cat’s body language and the situation."

5. Speaking to you

This might come as a surprise, but cats rarely meow to each other; they typically use other forms of cat communication, like tail movements, instead.

Dr. MacMillan says: "Cats rarely meow to each other, but many will ‘speak’ to their human owners. You may soon recognize when your cat is happy by hearing their bright, chirrup-like meow at feeding time or first thing in the morning."

You might also want to read our guide on how to be a good cat owner.

As a lifelong cat owner and a vet for more than 13 years, I know first-hand that cats often choose to sleep in the strangest of places, but why does my cat sleep between my legs?

In this article, I'll cover some of the reasons why your cat might choose to nap here and whether it’s safe and healthy to allow them to sleep in your bed. I'll also explain how to tell whether your cat wants your company when they're dozing.

If you decide that sharing a bed with your cat isn’t for you, it's worth investing in the best cat beds or best heated cat beds to ensure they have somewhere comfortable to sleep instead.

Why does my cat sleep between my legs?

Here are a few of the most likely reasons for this cat sleeping position:

1. It’s warm
If you’ve got a cat who regularly sleeps on the floorboards overlying a hot water pipe or sprawls out in the sunny spot where the sun is shining through the window, you won’t be surprised to find out that warmth is a really big factor when a cat chooses where to sleep! The cozy spot created when your cat is surrounded by your body heat is the perfect place for a catnap.

2. It feels safe
Cats can struggle to fully switch off, even when they’re sleeping. After all, they need to stay alert in case of any threats. Your presence surrounding them makes them feel safer, enabling them to relax.

3. They trust you
If your cat sleeps between your legs, it’s a good indication that they trust you. They’re willing to make themselves vulnerable to threats while letting you take over the role of their protector, keeping them safe and letting them get the rest they need.

4. You smell good
Cats have a great sense of smell, and scent is a really important aspect of how cats feel and communicate. Your scent will be familiar to your cat and help them feel comfortable, relaxed, and safe. And don’t forget – because cats are covered in lots of scent glands, your scent will also be mixed with theirs, which helps them feel reassured and relaxed.

5. They don’t want to be on their own
Cats are often considered quite independent, and they certainly enjoy time alone. However, they’re also really curious, which means if you disappear upstairs to sleep or go for a nap on the couch, they’re probably interested in what you’re doing. If you’re usually around, your cat is even more likely to feel anxious or lonely when you’re not around, which might contribute to them wanting to be around you more even when you’re sleeping.

6. They can leave if they like
Although sleeping between your legs is really cozy, comfortable and being surrounded makes them feel safe, it’s also really easy for them to get away if they want to. Cats don’t like to be too restricted or contained, so this space is perfect!

Should you let your cat sleep with you?

It’s not necessarily a problem to let your cat sleep with you, and it’s great for bonding and closeness. However, it’s important to understand that there are a few risks to be aware of.

Firstly, keep your cat up to date with parasite treatments – you don’t want fleas in your bed, after all. Second, if you have allergies, you might find that they’re worse if your cat has been sleeping in your bed.

Thirdly, and this is certainly the case with my own cats, allowing your cat to sleep on your bed might disrupt your sleep. Not every cat will snooze all night and remain completely still, some will get the zoomies, start kneading, or wake you up with loving cat kisses – not necessarily the recipe for a great night's sleep. If you can relate, you'll want to read our guide on how to get a cat to sleep at night.

On the other hand, some people find sleeping with their cat improves their sleep quality, petting animals has been shown to reduce stress, and the sound of your cat purring and their warmth could help you sleep better than usual.

Ultimately, whether or not your cat is allowed to sleep with you is a personal choice, but be aware that if they get used to sleeping in or on your bed, it’ll be a hard habit to break!

Should I pet my cat while sleeping?

When cats sleep, they often doze, remaining semi-conscious and aware. This allows them to respond to threats and keep themselves safe. Petting them while they are sleeping may reduce your stress and help you drift off, but it’s worth checking your cat's body language to see if they want to be petted or would prefer to be left alone.

If they consistently move away from your hand or bite or scratch you, it’s likely that they’d rather have some time to rest without being disturbed.

If your cat chooses to sleep between your legs, congratulations! This is a great sign that they trust you and feel safe in your company. If you’re comfortable with them sleeping with you, you could both get a better night’s sleep.

But co-sleeping with your cat isn’t for everyone – some cats are so busy and restless at night that they disturb their owner’s sleep and some pet parents just don’t feel comfortable having their cat in their bed, either due to allergies or hygiene concerns.

Read next: Why does my cat sleep by my head? and Why does my cat sleep at my feet?

Why does my cat sleep by my head? Many cat owners wonder about this peculiar yet endearing habit. Cats are fascinating creatures whose behaviors are deeply rooted in both nature and nurture. Understanding why your cat exhibits such tendencies not only strengthens your bond with them, but also provides insights into their well-being.

I'm a vet with over 13 years of experience and have explained the reasons behind your cat’s preference for sleeping near your head. From biological instincts to emotional connections, read on to uncover the heart-warming reasons why they choose this specific spot and what it says about their relationship with you.

If you want to create an even cozier sleeping space for your furry friend, check out our guide to the best cat beds.

Why does my cat sleep by my head?

Cats are known for their peculiar sleeping habits, often choosing the strangest places to doze off. One common behavior is their tendency to sleep on or near their owner’s head. Here are some reasons why your feline friend might be drawn to your noggin:

1. Seeking warmth
Human heads radiate consistent warmth, especially during sleep. Cats are heat-seekers by nature, and a hot head offers a snug and cozy spot to snuggle. That's why they also enjoy snoozing on the best heated pet beds.

2. Smell of familiarity
Cats find comfort in their owner’s scent, which is strongest around their hair and the pillow they sleep on. This reassuring smell draws them to this area.

3. Safety and trust
Sleeping close to their owner’s head can indicate that a cat feels safest near them. Since cats are most vulnerable while sleeping, this behavior shows they trust their owner to protect them.

4. Affection and bonding
By sleeping close to their owner’s head, cats can reinforce the bond they share with them. It’s their way of showing love and loyalty.

5. Instinctive behavior
In the wild, cats often sleep in elevated or strategic positions to stay safe. Choosing their owner’s head – a high, secure area – may reflect this natural instinct.

6. Avoiding movement
An owner’s head is less likely to move around compared to their arms or legs. Cats value stability while they rest, so this spot feels more predictable and they are less likely to have their precious slumber disturbed.

7. Close proximity
Sleeping by their owner’s head enables cats to keep an eye on them while still resting comfortably.

8. Comfort
Cats often associate sleeping near their owner’s head with the comforting huddling behavior of kittens.

9. Soft place
Owners usually sleep with their head on a soft pillow, this spot becomes an irresistibly plush place to nap.

10. Easy access
Clever cats may sleep by their owner’s head for convenient access—whether to nudge them awake for the best cat food or demand attention.

Do cats sleep with their favorite person?

In most households, cats develop a favorite person. They tend to gravitate toward this individual for companionship, comfort, and affection. Sleeping close to their favorite human – especially near their head – is a testament to the trust and bond they share.

Why do cats choose a favorite person?

• Positive interactions: Cats are more likely to bond with people who provide positive experiences, such as feeding, petting, or playing.
• Scent: Cats have a heightened sense of smell and may be drawn to individuals whose scent they find comforting.
• Personality: Cats often align themselves with people whose personalities match their own – whether playful, calm, or nurturing.
• Routine: Cats thrive on consistency. If one person consistently feeds, grooms, or plays with them with the best cat toys, they are likely to form a deeper attachment.

What does it mean when a cat sleeps by your head vs feet?

The position your cat chooses to sleep in offers clues about their preferences and feelings:

• By your head: This position signals trust, affection, and a desire for warmth. It’s also closer to your scent, which they find comforting.
• By your feet: Cats that sleep near your feet often seek a balance of closeness and independence. This spot allows them to stay near you while keeping their personal space. It’s also a more practical choice if they’re cautious about sudden movements and wish to retreat rapidly.

Whether your cat sleeps on your chest, in between your legs, or on your head and feet, or somewhere else, these behaviors show they value your presence.

Beyond their owner’s body, cats often gravitate to warm places like sunny windowsills, cozy blankets, or even freshly laundered clothes. Boxes and enclosed spaces are also favorite sleeping spots, as these provide a sense of security and mimic the small dens they would seek out in the wild.

Some cats prefer elevated surfaces like shelves or the best cat trees, offering both a strategic vantage point and safety. Others may snuggle across keyboards or books, seeking closeness and attention. Wherever they rest, a cat’s sleeping choice often reflects their need for comfort, warmth, and a sense of safety. Each cat has its own unique way of expressing love and trust.

Want to learn more about feline sleeping habits? Discover the sleepiest cat breeds.

Have you ever asked yourself, 'Why does my cat sleep at my feet?' If you’re like me, there’s nothing better than a warm weight on your feet, and many cats love to fill that gap. But why do they seem to like it so much? And why do they choose the feet rather than the lap, legs, or the pillow next to us?

I’ve owned many cats and fostered many more in my life as a vet. While not all liked sleeping at my feet, many did. Whether I was curled up on the sofa or lying in bed, most of my cat companions could be found nearby, sleeping between my legs or on my feet.

In fact, even if you have the best cat bed, cats will be just as likely to use the furniture – especially if their favorite human is on it. I even had one foster cat who liked to burrow under the duvet with me! It’s normal to wonder why cats like sleeping on your feet, so let’s take a look at this cute behavior.

Why does my cat sleep at my feet?

So why does your cat prefer to sleep at your feet? Is it a territorial thing? Or maybe it’s all about protection? Well, as a vet, it’s worth me saying it’s impossible to know for sure. Every cat is an individual, and nobody has studied this behavior in the lab. That said, we have some pretty good ideas why cats might seek you out to sleep on your feet.

1. It’s the right temperature

Cats love warmth, as any cat owner with a radiator bed can tell you! And your feet are just the right temperature to give your cat a gentle heat. Not too hot, not too cold. Cats might choose to sleep on our feet because they enjoy the gentle warmth you radiate - aww!

2. You make them feel safe

If you have a close bond with your cat, they usually enjoy being around you and you give them feelings of safety and comfort. Lots of people notice that their cat seeks them out if they’re feeling afraid – in other words, you make them feel safe. Sleeping near your feet is a way for cats to get this feeling of safety, even while you’re asleep. If you notice your cat is feeling stressed, read our top tips on how to calm a cat during periods of high anxiety.

3. They’re less likely to be disturbed

When we’re asleep, we move a lot. Cats might actually prefer to sleep near our torsos or even on our chest, but have probably learned from experience that this isn’t a great idea. Our feet move less and are comparatively less dangerous – our cats may therefore choose this as the ‘best of both worlds’ – nearness without the danger of being rolled on in the night!

4. They like the smell

Wait, what? They like the smell? No, I haven’t gone crazy. Feet might smell a bit gross to us humans, but cats likely interpret this smell differently. Cats are very scent-based creatures and they get a lot of information about their environment by the way it smells. With all their sweat glands, feet probably smell quite a lot like ‘comforting human’ to our feline friends, meaning your cat is more than happy to cuddle up close!

5. You like it

Cats aren’t idiots – they know what you like and what makes you happy. They won’t always listen of course, but they will if it suits them. When you’re happy, your body makes oxytocin, and it’s possible that cats – like dogs – get an oxytocin rush in response to your oxytocin. In other words, they know you like it, and that makes them happy and relaxed. Cute right?

Do cats protect you while you sleep?

Some people wonder if one of the reasons cats sleep near us is to protect us while we sleep. It’s actually a very difficult question to answer. In general, cats are not hugely social creatures and therefore don’t tend to feel the need to protect their family like a dog would.

That said, cats can be protective of their family – it all depends on the individual cat and the bond they have with their humans. At the end of the day though, most cats will flee rather than flight, so although they might try to warn you before they take off, they’re unlikely to do much protecting.

While nobody knows exactly why cats like to sleep on your feet, it’s likely to be a combination of reasons. The warmth, the nearness to their safe person, the oxytocin rush, the smell and the reduced likelihood of being kicked off all contribute to it being a pretty neat place to be.

Of course, if your cat doesn’t grace you with their presence, try not to be offended – cats are individuals and there are plenty of other ways they can show their affection!

Want to learn more? Read our guide to cat sleep positions, why cats sleep on you and why does my cat sleep by my head.

Why do cats pant after playing? If you've been playing around with your cat, you may have noticed them panting afterwards. While this may seem strange, as it is most commonly seen in dogs, cats panting is completely normal.

Just like their canine companions, cats pant to help themselves cool down. So if they've been working up a sweat while playing with one of the best cat toys, they may pant to help themselves cool off.

Our vet, Dr. Rebecca MacMillan weighs in on the reasons cats pant after playing, let's check them out.

Why do cats pant after playing?

Cats pant after playing to keep themselves from overheating. Cats only sweat through the paws, so cooling down can be harder for them especially if they are one of the longhaired cat breeds.

Dr. MacMillan says, " Panting encourages heat loss by drawing cool air in and expelling hot air back out, as well as the associated evaporation of moisture from the mouth and airways." If you notice your cat panting and they seem to generally be fine, it is probably nothing to worry about.

You'll want to be sure that your cat has access to fresh water and they have somewhere to rest where they can cool off. If you have one of the cat breeds that enjoys the outdoors, you may want to invest in one of the best outdoor cat enclosures to ensure they have a cool space to relax in.

When should worry about cats panting?

While cats panting is usually nothing to worry about, there a few instances where there may be something more going on. For example, if your cat is panting and it seems like they are struggling to breath, you need to see your vet right away.

Here are a few other reasons you'd want to make an appointment with a vet.

1. Health conditions

Panting can be a symptom of some of the most common illnesses that cats can get. Conditions like asthma, congestive heart failure, severe viral infections, anemia, and cancer, notes Dr. MacMillan

2. Heatstroke

This could more commonly be seen in cat breeds that are best for cold climates, but if your cat is overly hot, this may cause distressed panting. You will still want to be careful even if you have one of the best cat breeds for hot climates, as they can overheat too.

3. Stress or anxiety

Anxiety in cats is a very real thing and excessive panting may be a symptom of that. If you feel like your cat is stressed or anxious there are several ways to destress your cat that you can try out. Things like providing multiple litter boxes, lowering the volume of noises in the house, or even switching up their food can help.

Dr. MacMillan goes on to say, "If your cat is panting when they haven’t just been exercising, or if they have any other symptoms such as appetite changes, more respiratory effort (using their abdominal muscles to help breathe), and lethargy, this is abnormal."

Found this helpful? Discover why cats like hair ties and what does catnip do to cats.

There's a common misconception that cats are highly independent and rather aloof, but often the ways cats show affection are misinterpreted. While it's true that our feline friends may not possess the same eagerness as our canine companions, they form very deep bonds with their chosen humans and are always finding ways to show their affection.

Cat communication may seem complex, but it’s easier to decipher than you might think. Because they can't simply say 'I love you' like we can, cats need to find other ways to let us know just how much they care — once you know what these are, you'll be completely fluent in cat love lingo.

It may be something as casual as dropping one of the best interactive cat toys at your feet in the hope you'll pick up on their signal that they want to play and spend time with you. Or it might be a sweet head butt, lick or slow blink.

However, if your kitty chooses to communicate with you, know that they're constantly using all the tools available to them to show you how much they adore you. Don't believe me? Read on for a huge list of the ways cats show affection.

1. Grooming you

Does your cat make it their mission to keep you clean? If so, consider it a sign of love. One of the many strange things that cats do that are actually quite normal, licking you is their way of showing affection. Cats groom each other to form bonds and when they do this with their humans, it’s a sign they’ve accepted you into their tribe.

2. Sleeping on your lap

When it comes to ways to bond with your cat, there’s nothing quite as satisfying as having them curl up on your lap. While not all cat breeds show their affection by cuddling, cuddly lap cat breeds will likely have this act as their number one love language.

3. Greeting you at the door

If your cat greets you at the door, consider yourself very loved indeed. While we often think of cats as being aloof and independent, most cats bond very deeply with their owners and are happy to see them when they return home. Running to greet you is one of the ways our feline friends express just how much we mean to them.

4. Following you around

Some cats are just complete velcro kitties — yes, we’re looking at you, Miss Siamese! These high-maintenance cat breeds can’t imagine being separated from their humans or missing out on any of the activities going on around the home. While it’s not always ideal to trip over a cat when you’ve just pulled dinner out of the oven and are trying to get it to the table in one piece, consider it your fur friend’s way of saying ‘I love you’.

5. Kneading you

Kneading (also known rather adorably as ‘making biscuits’) is a key sign of affection and is wonderfully relaxing for both cat and human — as long as you have a blanket over your lap that is because let’s face it, kitty claws are sharp! As well as being a way to show affection, cats will also knead when they feel content or when they’re trying to soothe themselves.

6. Purring

When a cat purrs, they’re saying that they feel safe and relaxed in your presence. Purring will often happen during times of close contact, such as when you’re petting or grooming your feline friend. One of the loudest ways cats show their love, purring isn’t just good for cats, listening to it can help us humans feel calmer, too.

7. The slow blink

When a cat closes their eyes (even briefly) in your presence, they’re putting themselves in a vulnerable position, so take the slow blink as a massive sign of trust. One of the best things about the slow blink is that it can be returned, creating a special way that you and your fur friend can express your love for one another.

8. Meowing

When it comes to the cat breeds with the biggest meows, the Siamese, Burmese, and Sphynx are at the top of the list. But regardless of what breed your feline friend is, almost all cats will meow when they’re in the presence of their favorite humans as a way of communicating with them. While it’s true that a cat will sometimes meow to demand that their food bowl is refilled, more often than not cats meow as a way of expressing affection — or to insist that you stroke them this very second!

9. Will let you pet them

Believe it or not, cats don’t just let any old person pet them, they’re actually very particular about who they let touch them. Your cat lets you pet them because they feel confident and secure in your presence and because that ear scratch just feels so darn good!

10. Head butts you

Cats are very territorial creatures and one of the ways they mark what’s theirs is by using the scent glands on their head and cheeks. If your kitty is head-butting you, take it as a compliment — they’re letting the world know that you belong to them.

11. Doesn't bite you

Why does my cat bite me is a common question amongst pet parents, but we often don’t pay as much attention to what it means when our feline friends don’t bite us. Your cat not biting you is a huge sign of affection that signals they feel able to let their guard down with you. Consider the lack of biting as a good indicator your kitty feels comfortable in your presence.

12. Does bite you

Just as not biting you can be a sign of affection, so too can biting! While it’s not the nicest feeling to have your kitty suddenly sink their teeth into you, cat play biting is one of the ways our cats communicate with us and they’ll often use gentle nips to get us to join in with their game. Gentle biting may also be used as a way to initiate an interaction and get your attention.

13. Shows you their belly

If your cat flops down on the floor and exposes their belly to you, it’s a huge sign of trust. Like a lot of animals, cats won’t show their belly to just anyone as this makes them vulnerable to being attacked, so if they are giving you some belly love, they’re communicating that they feel safe and at ease around you.

14. Rubbing up against you

Yes, it’s possible that they just want their bowl refilled with some of the best cat food, but rubbing up against you doesn’t always have an ulterior motive! Also known rather sweetly as ‘bunting’, cats will affectionately rub up against people they identify as a friends.

15. Lets you live in the same house as them

When you first hear that letting you live in the same house as them is one of the big ways your cat shows their affection for you, you can’t help but laugh — until you realize it’s true! Those of us who have a feline friend (or two) know that it’s really them who run the show, they’re just kind enough to let us think we’re in charge.

16. Sitting next to you

Does your cat love to sit next to you when you’re working or watching a movie? If so, consider yourself deeply loved. A cat who chooses to be close to you is expressing just how much you mean to them but don’t be offended if they don’t want to snuggle up into your lap. Some cat breeds have lots of fur which means they get hot quickly, while others simply want to be close to your warmth and scent without being too close.

17. Demanding attention

Is my cat bored? If they’re demanding attention, it’s well worth considering whether your kitty is getting enough mental and physical stimulation. However, if you know they get plenty of playtime and they’re still demanding your focus, it could well be because they simply enjoy spending time with you. Although they can be annoying, attention-seeking behaviors are often your cat's way of letting you know they adore you.

18. Tail shaped like a question mark

Ever wondered what your cat’s tail is telling you? It could well be saying I love you! A question mark tail (one that’s up and curled at the end) is a sign of a very happy kitty and our feline friends will often use it as a way of inviting us to interact with them. Not only is this a signal of their affection for you, but it’s also typically used when they’re keen to receive affection.

19. Rolling over

If the first thing your cat does when you walk in the door is flop on the floor and roll over, they’re definitely excited to have you home. When a cat rolls around on their back, they’re signaling they feel safe and would love to have your attention. Just a note of caution — rolling around on their back can also be an invitation to play, so do think carefully before giving them a belly rub!

20. Letting you brush them

Cats groom each other as a way to form bonds and show affection. When they extend this behavior to humans (and let you brush and groom them in return) it’s their way of saying that they consider you to be one of their own.

21. Unwavering eye contact

On the whole, cats typically find eye contact with strangers (fellow cats and humans alike) to be very threatening but if you find your kitty looking at you with a soft and relaxed gaze, that’s a huge sign of affection.

22. Offering emotional support

When it comes to the best emotional support animal breeds, it’s often dogs that spring to mind, but don’t discount cats! Although cats are often viewed as aloof, most bond very deeply with their human family, and sensitive felines in particular are able to sense their owner's mood. If you’re feeling sad and you suddenly find your kitty sitting beside you, that’s their way of letting you know they care.

23. Sulking

Do cats hold grudges? Well, not quite in the same way we humans do but they can certainly sulk when you've done something to upset them. You're probably wondering how this could possibly be a sign of affection, but remember — we don't tend to get upset by people we don't care about, it's those that we love who are the most likely to hurt us. The same is true for our feline friends.

24. Jealousy

Ever found yourself thinking 'Do cats feel jealousy?' Although jealousy in cats is different from the jealousy we feel, it's clear that cats are highly territorial creatures and can feel very possessive about their humans. In a roundabout way, your cat acting this out (likely through unwanted behaviors!) is their way of communicating how important you are to them.

25. Pawing you

If you've ever been woken up at 4 am by your cat pawing at you demanding breakfast, you don't need us to tell you how annoying that can be! But cats will also paw their humans for other reasons, too — namely as an affectionate gesture designed to get you to send a little love their way.

26. Wanting to share your bed

When it comes to activities to do with your cat, nothing beats a cat nap! While some cats will snuggle in close, others will be content to lie at the end of the bed — either way, a joint snooze session is definitely a way of showing affection.

27. "Helping" you work

Have you ever been sitting in an online meeting or in the middle of putting together a presentation only to have your kitty walk over your keyboard — or worse still for your productivity, sprawl themselves across it? Even though it may feel exasperating in the moment, try to reframe things in your mind. Your feline friend simply wants to be involved in everything you do and likely thinks they're being helpful!

28. Nursing you when you're sick

Cats seem to have a sense of when their humans are feeling unwell and if their favorite person is laid up on the couch or has taken to their bed with a cold or the flu, they'll often camp out beside them until they're feeling better. We can't promise they'll bring you chicken soup, but they'll definitely bring you a whole lot of love.

29. Bringing you a gift

Why does my cat bring me toys and other gifts like dead animals we hear you ask, well, it's likely their way of showing you how much you mean to them. Unlike us, they can't pop to the store and pick their loved ones up a box of chocolate or a bouquet of flowers, so a dead (or heaven forbid, live) mouse or bird is the best way to say I love you.

30. Asking you to play

There's nothing most cats love more than zooming about after one of the best cat toys, and the majority of cats prefer to play with their favorite human than play alone. If your kitty is dropping toys at your feet or engaging in other playful behavior, that's their affectionate way of asking you to spend some time with them.

31. Scratching

We know — there's nothing more annoying than having your kitty scratching your furniture to pieces, but it's worth noting that they're not doing it to annoy you. Cats scratch both to keep their claws healthy and to deposit their scent, so if they're scratching around the house, that's their way of marking their territory and letting the world know that you belong to them. If your feline friend is destroying important items, investing in a good quality cat scratching post can help them learn appropriate scratching behavior.

32. Comes to fetch you

If you're a cat owner, you've likely had the experience of being woken up by your feline friend at a completely unsociable hour just because they're bored or have decided they miss you. Waking you during the night is a sign that your kitty has noticed your absence and is seeking comfort and connection.

What can we do when our cats aren’t behaving how we’d like?

It can be tricky to know how to manage our cats’ undesirable behavior, in part simply because they’re cats – often, they seem to rule the roost, or think that they do! That said, there are things that we can do, both addressing the behavior and making sure our kitties are healthy and happy too. Of course, some of the best cat treats will help!

Registered cat behavioral consultant Molly Kelsey, or The Cat Counsellor, has offered some advice in a new Instagram post, and it’s a great help for the cat parents among us!

“Punishments like spraying water, clapping hands, or hitting are not only ineffective as a training tool, but they are known to cause a lot of unnecessary fear, anxiety, and stress in our feline friends,” Kelsey begins by explaining. “Their trust in the person responsible will diminish, and could be difficult to rebuild. The unwanted behavior may even escalate, or new ones can develop as a result.”

These methods of behavior management are outdated, and while you may not dream of punishing your cat in these ways, it’s still worth noting – even if only to compare them to Kelsey’s alternatives. (Don’t miss out on these seven common cat behavior problems solved, too!)

First of all, she says that it’s important to take your cat to the vet if they’ve started displaying unwanted behaviors suddenly, to rule out injury or illness, as these can change a cat’s behavior overnight.

It’s also a good idea to ensure your cat has suitable outlets for normal cat behavior, like spaces for climbing, resting, and viewing in their favorite areas – often, cats like to be up high, while some cats love exploring a cat tree. And, as Kelsey puts it, “If you don’t provide it, they’ll make their own.” We found the six best cat trees for cats who love to climb, here, if you need some ideas.

In contrast, it’s worth making areas that aren’t for cats boring and unappealing. If you don’t want your cat somewhere, but you’ve left scraps of food in the area, there might just be too much temptation!

She continues, “Reinforce desired behaviors frequently … let them know they are doing something right and reward it.” Even sitting calmly on the couch is a desired behavior – if you allow your cat on the furniture – so get some treats out and give plenty of praise!

Finally, remember to teach your cat simple cues to control their movements – Kelsey recommends cues like ‘come’, ‘spin’, and ‘sit’. “This will make it easier to direct them to an appropriate area if needed,” she explains.

If you have more cat-related questions, here are 32 weird cat behaviors that you’re worried about – while we’ve also got 17 signs of a happy cat here.

Any cat parent has heard the usual comments about felines – that they’re aloof, or selfish, or unloving.

Of course, we know that our cats can be precisely the opposite. Have you and your feline ever had an amazing time playing with one of the best cat toys, or have you seen your cat play with a kitty friend, for example? We bet the answer is yes. And now, it looks as though science is on our side, too.

Indeed, a study released earlier this month has indicated that cats can grieve the loss of other pets, including dogs. You might have asked the question, ‘Should I let my dog play with my cat?’ in the past, but it turns out that they can become good friends, and mourn each other when they die.

Researchers from Oakland University in Michigan decided to find out if cats can mourn an animal who lives in the same home as them, and shared their findings in Applied Animal Behavior Science.

They surveyed over 400 cat parents about their cats’ behavior after losing another cat or dog, and found that they showed behaviors we tend to associate with grief, like eating less and playing less. Cats also spent more time alone, slept more, looked for more attention from their parents, and seemed to search for their late friends.

Jennifer Vonk, who co-authored the study with Brittany Greene, said, according to NPR: “It made me a little more optimistic that they are forming attachments with each other.”

Vonk, a professor of psychology at Oakland University, added: “For me, the most compelling finding is that when cats were reported to change their behavior in ways that would be consistent with what we would expect for grief. It’s predicted by things like the length of time that the animals lived together or the amount of time that they had spent together engaged in various activities or the quality of their relationships.

“It’s not that I want the cats to be sad, [but] there is a part of us, I think, as humans that wants to think that if something happens to us our pets would miss us.”

We know that some animal species can express signs of grief, like dogs, horses, and elephants, but we’ve never known as much about cats and whether they grieve and mourn. Vonk said that she only knew of one other study on grief in domestic cats, released in 2016.

Nobody wants to think about losing a pet, but it’s a sad fact of life that we are likely to outlive our animal companions. If it’s something you’re dealing with at the moment, you might find these seven things nobody tells you when your pet dies helpful to read.

Why do cats chase lasers? Even though they're physically impossible to catch, our feline friends can't get enough and could spend all day pouncing after them.

There's a lot of debate over whether lasers are ethical for our cats to play with and if they pose any safety issues. Some experts warn that they can cause frustration and confusion, and recommend using the best cat toys instead which allow them to catch their 'prey'.

However, the best laser toys will provide your cat with lots of fun and can be safe if they're used appropriately.

To get to the bottom of why cats chase lasers, we called in expert vet Dr. Hannah Godfrey. Below, she explains why they find them so appealing and whether lasers cause anxiety in cats. We've also asked two behaviorists for their advice on how to play with lasers safely and whether cats think lasers are real.

Why do cats chase lasers?

Dr. Godfrey explains that similarly to prey, lasers move quickly with chaotic and unpredictable movements. As cats are natural hunters, this grabs their attention because it looks like an animal who is trying to get away.

She says: "Even cats who have come across laser pens lots of times will still react because they’re mentally and physically stimulating and it’s an opportunity to flex their muscles and practice their hunting skills."

Susan Nilson, cat and dog training and behavior expert, adds: "Hunting is an innate behavior for cats. If they don’t have an outlet to exercise their predatory instincts, they can become stressed and frustrated, potentially leading to behavioral issues."

If you have an indoor cat, you might find it tricky to find new ways to keep them active. As an alternative, you could try these seven great cat exercises or play with them using the best toys for indoor cats.

Do laser pointers give cats anxiety?

Whilst laser toys are great for preventing boredom and keeping your kitty active, they might cause them to feel frustrated if they're not used properly. However, Dr. Godfrey says it's unlikely to give your cat anxiety.

She says: "If they believe they haven’t caught it and are waiting for it to emerge from behind or under furniture, they might act a little stressed, but without any further stimulation they’ll soon give up and move on to something else."

To reduce their confusion, you could give your cat one of the best interactive cat toys once they've caught the laser to reward their efforts. If they're new to laser play, you should start small with short sessions and build up the time gradually.

Dr. Godfrey says: "The most important thing is to let your cat lead – if they seem to enjoy it then short bouts of laser pointer play can be a great way to prevent boredom and keep them active; however, if they seem too wound up or take a while to calm down afterward, it may be best to choose a different game."

If you want to learn more, this feature answers, 'Are laser pointers bad for cats?'

How to play with lasers safely

Whilst lasers can be lots of fun, Dr. Mikel Delgado (a cat behavior expert with Rover), doesn't recommend them. Since they don't activate all of the senses, they don't provide your cat with the full hunting and play experience - focusing solely on sight.

However, if you must, she suggests using it as a warm-up for cat play, switching over to a physical toy, and then ending the session with the best cat treats. This sequence allows them to use sight, touch, smell, taste and maybe even hearing too.

To give your cat the full satisfaction, Susan also recommends pairing laser play with a physical toy. She suggests throwing the toy while pointing the laser at it.

She says: "This approach helps balance the excitement of the chase with the satisfaction of a successful 'hunt', making the game more fulfilling. Most importantly, the cat can complete the predatory sequence in his brain – instead of being left high and dry with nowhere for all that adrenaline to go."

Do cats know lasers aren't real?

Did you know that cats can't see the color red? Dr. Mikel explains that lasers probably just look like a white or gray-ish bright spot, so they're actually just chasing the movement rather than the color. If you're interested in learning more about this, we have a feature answering, 'Do cats see color?'

She says: "Many cats behave as though the laser point is a bug or other prey item. This can be confusing to them when humans do not move the laser pointer like a physical object would move. For example, a physical object usually does not move completely randomly or suddenly disappear."

Whilst it can be tempting to move the laser quickly, Dr. Mikel recommends mimicking the slow pace of a bug instead. Once you're finished with the game, make the laser disappear under a door or behind an object, as opposed to switching it off immediately.

Alternatives toys to lasers

Here are some fun alternatives to laser toys:

• Teaser toys: These encourage your cat to jump, run and chase, while giving them the thrill of the catch.
• Automated balls: These roll around your home, motivating your cat to run around and catch their 'prey'. We love this one from Amazon, which featured in our guide on the best automatic cat toys.
• Catnip balls: Unlike lasers, these toys activate all of your cat's senses and give them something to catch as a reward. To find one your cat loves, check out our guide to the best catnip toys, which have been tested and approved by our team of experts.

You might also want to read: Why do cats play with their prey? and What do cats like to play with? Or, learn why cats play with their tails and why cats sit on their toys

Have you ever wondered how far cats roam, or what they get up to when you're not around? It's a common question that lots of pet parents have – especially if their feline often goes missing for days at a time.

Losing a pet (even if it's just for a few hours!) can be a scary experience, but tools like the best GPS trackers for pets can make it much easier to pin down their location and become reunited.

Below, cat behaviorist Claire Stares reveals how far your cat really roams, why cats like to stray, and eight ways to curb their wanderlust for good. She's worked with cats in vet clinics, shelters, and rescue and welfare organizations for 18 years and holds a Postgraduate Diploma in Clinical Animal Behavior.

How far do cats roam?

While most cats only roam up to 200 meters (650 feet) from home, research using GPS trackers has shown that some travel significant distances.

A study published in the journal of Animal Conservation, which tracked the movements of cats in the USA, UK, Australia and New Zealand, found that while the average roaming range was no more than 1km², some individuals covered much larger areas, with ranges over 8km².

Felines living in rural areas tend to roam further than their urban counterparts, as urban dwellers typically have much smaller territories, often restricted to their immediate yard or neighborhood due to the higher cat population density.

Female cats typically have smaller ranges than males, particularly un-neutered toms, whose territories will usually overlap with several females to increase their chances of finding a mate.

Why do cats roam?

Cats roam for various reasons driven by their natural instincts, needs and emotional state, including:

1. They’re looking for a mate

Unneutered cats are much more likely to roam than cats that have been castrated or spayed. Increased levels of sex hormones and the powerful instinct to reproduce can trigger roaming behavior, causing intact males and females that have come into heat to venture outside their territory in pursuit of sexual partners.

Even indoor-only cats may attempt to escape from the house in their desperation to find a mate.

2. They’re hunting or foraging

A cat’s natural drive to hunt for prey or forage for food compels them to explore new areas. Engaging in predatory and foraging behavior doesn’t just satisfy their dietary requirements, it also provides them with physical and mental stimulation, which is crucial for their health and overall well-being.

3. They’re seeking security

If a cat feels anxious or fearful in their home environment they may roam in search of a quieter, safer place where they can find refuge from perceived threats or persistent stressors. For example, the introduction of a dog or another cat to the family, an intruder cat invading their core territory, or loud construction noise.

4. They’re exploring

Cats are naturally curious creatures, which drives them to roam and investigate unfamiliar environments. This behavior keeps their minds active and engaged, enabling them to discover new hunting grounds or other food sources, find safe hiding spots, and identify potential threats.

5. They’re marking or defending their territory

Cats can spend a large portion of their time roaming to patrol the boundaries of their territory and ensure the area remains secure. They will top up urine spray marks to signal their ownership and attempt to see off any rivals they encounter. Territories can range in size from your backyard to several miles radius.

How to keep your cat close to home

Discouraging your feline companion from roaming can help ensure their safety and give you peace of mind. Read on to discover the actions you can take to reduce wandering, keep your kitty close to home and ensure their safe return if they do roam too far:

1. Neuter or spay

Neutering your pet can significantly reduce their urge to roam. Without the hormone-driven desire to find a mate, they’re likely to stick closer to home.

2. Provide your cat with enough food and water

Feeding your cat the best cat food will reduce the likelihood of them wandering off in search of more appetizing food in your neighbors’ homes. However, even well-fed cats have an innate urge to hunt, which can encourage them to roam in search of prey.

Offering four to six small meals at regular intervals throughout the day and delivering their food in best puzzle feeders rather than a bowl, will allow them to express predatory seeking behavior and ‘hunt’ for their food at home.

Some fussy felines will only drink moving water (cats instinctively know that stagnant water could be contaminated), so they'll wander to find a stream or dripping faucet. Providing them with the best pet water fountain will ensure they always have access to fresh running water.

3. Stick to a routine

Cats are creatures of habit. They thrive on stability and predictability. Maintaining consistent feeding, playtime and handling routines will help them to feel in control of their environment, reducing anxiety or frustration, which may trigger them to roam.

4. Encourage your cat’s natural instincts

Our feline friends have an innate need to climb and perch up high, scratch to stretch their bodies, mark their territory and keep their claws in tip-top condition, and engage in predatory behavior. Installing cat trees and wall shelving, providing plenty of scratching posts and mats, and scheduling regular interactive play sessions using wand toys will help to fulfil these needs at home and reduce their inclination to roam.

5. Create a safe and secure home environment

Ensure your kitty feels safe and secure at home by eliminating or minimizing stressors that may encourage them to seek refuge elsewhere. If a thunderstorm or fireworks display is predicted, provide cozy hiding places, close the drapes or blinds, put the television on or play calming classical music to distract from the loud noises, and consider using a pheromone plug-in diffuser (like this one from Amazon) to help reduce fear and anxiety.

6. Provide a safe, stimulating outdoor environment

Enclosing your yard with cat fencing or constructing a catio will allow your cat to exercise and satisfy their natural curiosity and desire to explore without roaming further afield.

Furnish their outdoor space with outdoor climbing trees and perches, create shady, sheltered resting spots and grow cat-safe plants. Get creative with outdoor enrichment – ball pits are just as much fun for cats as they are for kids! Hide treats and catnip toys among the balls to encourage your feline friend to engage in predatory seeking behavior.

7. Train a reliable recall

Teaching your cat to come when their name is called is one of the most valuable behaviors you can train. It will allow you to get them to check in with you regularly and encourage them to stay close to home. The key to success is using positive reinforcement, rewarding your kitty with the best cat treats every time they respond to your call. This ensures the prospect of returning to you is always appealing.

8. Make sure they’re microchipped

Whether your kitty is a homebody or an avid explorer, it’s essential to get them microchipped so they can quickly be identified and reunited with you if they ever roam and can’t find their way home.

How far away can a cat hear you calling?

Cats can hear sounds produced up to 3,000 feet away, approximately four to five times farther than humans.

If you’ve ever witnessed your feline friend seemingly appear from nowhere at the sound of a can opening or food packet rustling, it’s probably no surprise to learn that cats have exceptionally sharp hearing.

The shape of their ears helps to capture and amplify sounds and their ability to rotate them allows them to accurately pinpoint which direction a noise is coming from.

The distance from which a cat can hear you calling will vary depending on their individual level of auditory perception, the environment, and ambient noise levels. Research published in the Animal Cognition journal shows that cats can distinguish their caregiver’s voice from that of strangers.

They are particularly sensitive to the high-frequency vocalizations made by their prey, so may be more likely to hear and respond to you from a distance if you call using a high-pitched tone of voice.

Read next: How to make the transition from indoor to outdoor cat as smooth as possible

Edited by Georgia Guerin.

If your cat is fussy about food, it can be worrying and even frustrating. People like to say that cats are easier than dogs to look after, but I think those of us who have looked after cats might disagree. Cats like to do their own thing, and that includes becoming fussy about their food for no apparent reason.

But in my eight years of being a vet, I’ve found there’s usually a hidden reason cats get picky with their food – it’s just not always obvious to us!

In this guide, I’m going to list the reasons your cat might suddenly have become fussier, as well as ways to encourage your cat to eat if they’re being fussy about food. One option might be to use one of the best smart pet bowls to help make feeding time easier. Let’s look at what else you can do to help.

Why is my cat fussy about food?

Cats form food preferences early in life, so what they’re fed as a kitten (whether that’s the best kitten food or something else) tends to be their preferred flavor and texture. But, that said, cats can also become averse to foods they associate negatively with. For example, your cat might refuse their food if it reminds them of being sick (well, wouldn’t you?). So, a cat’s preferences are set early in life, but they can become more fussy as they get older too, due to developing new aversions.

Before you try to encourage your cat to eat, working out why your cat is fussy about food is helpful. If you can work out the underlying reason for your cat’s behavior, it’ll be easier to offer them a solution that works for everyone. Here’s some reasons to consider:

1. They have tooth pain

Dental disease is hugely underdiagnosed, meaning there are a lot of cats out there living with dental pain. If your cat changes preference from dry food to wet (or even the other way!) or seems to eat more slowly, dropping food, tooth pain is high on the list for why they’re so fussy.

Keeping your cat’s teeth clean can help prevent dental pain, but if they’ve already got a problem they need a vet visit. Note that you might not always see a visual sign of dental pain in cats – like everything else secretive about them, their teeth often have painful problems below the gum line, where we can’t see them just by looking!

2. They have an underlying health condition

Inappetence is one of the most common signs a cat can have, meaning it’s a symptom of just about everything from arthritis to heart disease. They might still eat a little, but because they feel ill or painful they won’t eat as much as usual. This can look like they’re being fussy, but it’s not quite the same. If your cat is still eating their food, but just less of it, a vet visit is usually in order.

3. They have whisker fatigue

Cat experts still can’t agree whether whisker fatigue is a real thing, but in my opinion it can explain some cases where cats suddenly seem to stop wanting to eat or drink. The theory is that their sensitive whiskers get ‘tired’ of touching the sides of the bowl, and as someone who has felt ‘touched out’ from near-constant contact with toddlers, I can relate! It’s usually made worse with a deep bowl, so try a shallower one or even put their food on the floor for a while.

4. They have an aversion

As we mentioned above, cats can develop aversion to foods they associate with illness or fear. So, if your cat is eating their favorite food and then something stressful happens, they might become fussy about it in future. Similarly, if they have to have a hospital visit because they feel sick, they might be fussy in future. Trying a new food can give them a fresh start, but to avoid more aversions don’t change their food while they’re still ill, stressed, or painful.

5. They’re feeling stressed or bullied

Whether it’s a cat in a multi-cat household or a neighborhood bully, having another cat watching them eat can be very off-putting. Cats might start to eat fussily if they feel stressed, anxious, or bullied by other cats nearby. Try giving them somewhere private to eat.

6. They’re holding out for something better

If you have been giving tidbits and your cat has come to expect them, they’re very capable of holding out for something better. Try to resist topping their meal or switching it out if you feel this could be a possibility, or you’ll be stuck in a cycle of giving them that little bit extra.

7. They’re getting something better elsewhere

You might not be indulging their need for something a little better, but someone else might. If someone else in the family is giving them the best cat treats, or a neighbor is feeding your cat, they aren’t going to be hungry for their dinner. Try asking your neighbors if anyone feeds them, or a special ‘do not feed’ collar can help if they go further afield for their extra meal!

8. Their food is getting old, off, or rancid

Does cat food expire? Yes, it does! Your cat might start turning their nose up if their food is going off. This is most likely if a large pack of dry food is left open, but it can also happen if pouches of food are damaged. Keep an eye on best before dates and try to store large bags of food in airtight containers, away from light, to reduce this.

9. Their bowl is dirty

Cats are very sensitive to potential contamination of their food, and they’ll avoid eating from a dirty bowl. Make sure you clean it regularly (at least daily) to make sure it’s fresh and clean for them.

How do you encourage fussy cats to eat?

Whatever the reason for your cat’s fussiness with their food, there are some things you can do to encourage them to eat. Here are some of my favorite tried and tested methods:

1. Provide multiple food bowls

Cats don’t like to share their resources, and that includes food bowls. In fact, multi-cat households need one per cat, plus one spare. They also prefer a choice of eating places. By providing novelty with several food bowls, your cat might get over their fussiness and eat more. Try to use shallow bowls at various heights and of various materials – here’s our guide to the best cat food bowl to help.

2. Give them some privacy

Your cat might not want to have someone standing over them while they’re eating, whether that’s another cat or a person. While it’s natural to want to encourage them, most cats feel more comfortable with being left alone - you can check back in on their bowl and how much they’ve eaten later.

3. Try a new food

Sometimes a new food can revitalize their interest, especially if there’s a chance they could have developed an aversion. Try to stick to the same texture they’re used to, but try a new flavor of the best cat food.

4. Feed little and often

Cats naturally would have six to eight small meals a day, rather than one or two big ones. Your cat might just be struggling to eat all their calories in one go, especially if they’re small or elderly. Try feeding smaller meals more often – a timed automatic cat feeder can be very helpful for this!

5. Stimulate interest

Try allowing your cat to hunt their food to stimulate their interest in it. The best cat puzzle feeders and games just before dinner time can help them work up an appetite and fill some of their natural need for hunting.

6. Warm the food

Cats prefer their food warm, like a fresh kill. It also smells a lot stronger. Adding a small amount of boiling water or microwaving wet food for just a couple of seconds can work well. Just make sure to stir it to avoid hot patches, and test it to make sure it isn’t too warm before feeding it to your cat.

7. Try a topper

Another option is to add a small sprinkle of something delicious to the food. You can buy toppers made for this. This is best used when your cat has a medical reason they haven’t got much of an appetite, but their vet says they need to eat more. If you use it to tempt a cat that’s gone fussy for no reason, you could get stuck in a cycle of needing to give the topper to get them to eat.

Cats are finicky, and there are plenty of other weird cat behaviors we pet parents are likely to notice! That said, there are medical reasons your cat might not be interested in his food. If your cat doesn’t eat for 24 hours it’s time to head to the vet to find out what’s wrong.

If you found this useful, you might also be interested in our articles on cats not eating, cat won't eat dry food and cat won't eat wet food.

Why do cats eat hair? It's a question that may be on your mind if your fur friend has recently started nibbling on your locks. While it may seem strange to us humans, your cat's hairy new hobby is likely nothing to worry about.

If you feed your kitty a diet of the best cat food, you might be wondering why on earth they're choosing to eat your hair as a snack in between meals. Although it's a bizarre behavior, eating human hair is one way our cats may choose to communicate with us.

There are so many strange things cats do that are actually quite normal, and believe it or not, chewing on hair is at the top of the list! From showing you how much they love you to demanding you play with them, your cat may choose to lick, chew, or eat your hair for many reasons.

To help us understand more about why our feline friends are so enamored with our locks, we sought the advice of expert vet, Dr. Rebecca MacMillan. Below, she reveals the most common reasons behind this behavior, when to be concerned, and what to do if you want your kitty to stop.

Why do cats eat hair?

Let's be honest — there's nothing weirder than curling up on the couch to watch your favorite show only to have your feline friend plonk themselves down next to you and begin chewing on your hair. When you think about a relaxing evening at home, having your hair eaten by your kitty is likely not the first thing that springs to mind!

Just like the answer to 'Why is my cat play biting?', your kitty may choose to eat your hair for a variety of reasons. Below, Dr. MacMillan outlines five of the most common — and they may just surprise you!

1. Sign of affection

Are you the proud pet parent to one of the most affectionate lap cat breeds? If so, their loving and cuddly nature may be behind their desire to nibble on your hair.

"Your cat may lick, nibble, and even eat your hair as they practice something known as allogrooming," Dr MacMillan explains. "Allogrooming is the term used to describe when cats groom each other.

This is usually started at an early age with mother cats grooming their kittens. As such, it is seen as a form of affection. Only cats that get along with each other will do this, so the fact that your cat is ‘grooming’ you is often a good sign. It indicates that your cat feels really comfortable in your presence."

2. Attention-seeking

Why does my cat attack my feet, scratch the couch, or chew my hair? These are all common questions pet parents find themselves asking when they have a kitty in the house and all of them share one thing in common — these behaviors are often deployed as a way for our cats to get our attention.

"Some cats may eat your hair because it gets a reaction from you," says Dr MacMillan. "It doesn’t matter whether it is a positive or a negative reaction, a bored cat just wants to provoke some sort of response from you!"

If you're looking for ways to keep your kitty out of mischief and prevent attention-seeking behaviors, here are 32 ways to bond with your cat that will help bring you both closer.

3. They want to play

While all of our feline friends love to play, high energy cat breeds in particular need a lot of mental and physical stimulation to ensure they stay happy and healthy. If your kitty is eating your hair, it could be their way of letting you know they need more activity in their day.

"Similar to attention-seeking, some cats will eat hair because they want to play," Dr. MacMillan confirms. "Engaging with you in this way might remind you that your cat is there, initiating you to play with them. Other cats just enjoy the texture and feel of hair, particularly if it’s long. Batting your hair around and chewing on it is a good game, especially for kittens."

If you'd rather your kitty didn't use your hair as a chew toy, investing in some of the best interactive cat toys can be a great way to divert their attention.

4. Stress or anxiety

While we often think of stress and anxiety as something that only affects us humans, stress and things like separation anxiety in cats are very common. When your kitty is experiencing these things, eating hair may be their way of trying to soothe themselves.

"Compulsive behaviors can be seen in cats with underlying stress or anxiety," says Dr. MacMillan. "This may manifest as overgrooming themselves but could also result in them overgrooming you too. If the behavior is sudden or new, it would be worth thinking about whether anything has changed in their environment that could have triggered this anxiety, for example, a new family member, pet, or building works."

You can also check out these 32 ways to destress your cat for some simple things you can do to support your kitty if they struggle with anxiety.

5. Pica

"If your cat is obsessive about eating your hair, actively seeking you or your hairbrush out, there is a chance they are suffering from pica," Dr. MacMillan explains. "Pica is a term that describes the consumption of non-food items. It is unclear why exactly cats will do this, but it could be a nutritional issue, an underlying health problem, or a behavioral quirk. Other household items that cats with pica seek out may include hairbands, elastic bands, fabric, kitty litter, and houseplants."

Is it bad for a cat to eat hair?

There are some things you only know if you're a cat owner — like what it's like to have dirty paw marks all over your fresh sheets or that you can spend a fortune on cat toys only for your feline friend to prefer a piece of string.

But other things aren't so obvious, like whether your cat eating your hair is bad for them. Thankfully, Dr. MacMillan has the answer:

"While small amounts of hair are unlikely to cause issues, eating excessive amounts could be problematic," she explains. "I would certainly take steps to try and reduce the amount of hair that your cat eats.

Hair is not very digestible so can cause problems in your cat’s stomach and intestines. It can clump causing hairballs, which are either vomited back up again or in some cases try to pass through the digestive system and get trapped. This can cause an obstruction which may result in abdominal surgery to correct.

Also, if you use hair products like hair sprays or gels, these could be irritating to your cat’s digestive system leading to issues like excessive drooling or vomiting."

How do I get my cat to stop eating my hair?

If your kitty eating your hair is one of those weird cat behaviors that you're worried about, Dr. MacMillan says there are some simple things you can do to encourage your feline friend to stop.

"The next time your cat advances and starts licking your hair, calmly stand up and walk elsewhere. Laughing, screaming, or shouting at your cat will reward them with attention which could make things worse. It is best to ignore your pet and not to react, just leave the room quietly. Your cat will soon take the hint that you don’t want to be groomed. Only fuss and praise your cat when they are interacting with you appropriately," she advises.

To tackle the issue further, Dr. MacMillan says it's important to ensure that all of your cat's needs are being met.

"This includes lots of mental and physical stimulation throughout the day so that they don’t get bored or anxious," she explains. "You could try using puzzle feeders and interactive toys, as well as giving them plenty of positive attention. It also means checking they are on a good quality, complete diet that is appropriate for their life stage."

Finally, ensure that you keep your hairbrush out of reach from your cat if you find they tend to nibble or lick at that too. And if none of these seem to do the trick, Dr. MacMillan recommends speaking to your vet and a qualified pet behaviorist who will be able to offer advice.

Looking to strengthen your relationship with your feline friend? We've got you covered with these 32 ways to be the best cat owner. Or, check out why cats like hair ties so much.

If you're a cat parent, then you've probably questioned 'Why do cats rub their face on things?' This behavior is very common, so it's no surprise if you're feeling curious about what it means. 

Your cat might rub their face against various objects in your home, like the best cat toys, your TV or the couch. You might also see them rubbing their face against the sharp corners on your furniture.

So, what does this mean? The good news is that this behavior is nothing to worry about, and is something that lots of (happy) cats do every single day. To find out more, we spoke to expert feline behaviorist, Amanda Campion, who has 35 years of experience with cats. 

Below, she explains the reason why cats rub their faces on surfaces and sharp corners (spoiler alert: the answer is pretty cute!) She also breaks down what cat scent glands are and how they're used for communication. Let's dive in:

Why do cats rub their face on things?

It's all to do with your cat's scent glands, according to Amanda. They have these all over their body, and the ones on their face can be found on their cheeks, chin, lips and forehead. These glands are unique to the individual cat and play a huge role in cat communication. 

Amanda says: "These glands secrete pheromones, which are chemical signals used for communication and are unique to each cat, just as a fingerprint is to us. When a cat rubs its face on objects or people, it’s depositing these pheromones."

Another name for this behavior is 'allomarking' and is something that other animals, like badgers, do too. Not only is this a way for cats to mark their territory, but it's also a form of social interaction.

If you notice your cat rubbing up against objects, it's not a cause for concern. In fact, it's quite the opposite. Amanda says: "[This behavior] can be a comforting gesture, as cats associate familiar scents with safety and security."

Long story short, the reason behind this behavior is actually very sweet. Your cat feels comfortable in your home and wants to mark what's theirs. 

If you want to learn why cats rub against you  and what cat head butting means, have a read of these helpful guides. 

Why do cats rub their face on corners?

We don't know about you, but the sharp edge of a coffee table is the last thing we'd want to rub our face against. This is one of the seven strange things cats do that are actually quite normal. 

So, why do our feline friends love it so much? We asked Amanda and the answer (surprisingly) makes sense. When cats rub their face against corners, they are depositing their scent more prominently somewhere. It also helps them to target a specific area.

Amanda explains: "Each facial pheromone carries a different pheromone component and is identified as F1 to F5. The F3 facial pheromone is deposited especially on corners which often have a higher concentration of scents due to these areas being at cat nose height. 

"[This allows] them to brace against the corner, intensifying the rub, [and] making them ideal spots for cats to leave their mark."

What are cat scent glands?

Did you know that feline communication is mainly non-verbal? Yep, we were surprised, too! It turns out that scent glands are one of the main ways that they communicate to one another (alongside cat body language). 

You can find scent glands all over your cat's body, like in the base of their tail and in their interdigital paw pads.

Amanda explains: "These glands produce pheromones that convey information about the cat’s identity, reproductive status, and emotional state to other cats in the environment. Understanding the significance of these scent glands helps us decipher the complex social dynamics and territorial behaviors exhibited by cats."

For example, when it comes to emotional states, cats will often use their scent glands to signal feelings of stress or anxiety.

Anxiety in cats can be triggered by lots of things, such as a new animal in their territory, a change in routine or moving homes. To learn how to move house with a cat (without upsetting them) this guide is worth a read.

If you think your cat is feeling stressed, Amanda recommends buying synthetic pheromones to put around your home which "mimic the 'happy pheromones'" and "help a cat feel instantly calmer and more secure in its environment". You can buy them as plug-in devices, sprays and collars.

In this feature, one writer put a calming cat collar to the test to see if it could really help his kitty. To find out how to calm a cat during periods of high stress, this expert's guide is here to help.

Cat play biting can come as a shock. One minute playtime with your furry friend is all fun and games, then they suddenly give you a painful nip.

Perhaps you have a multi-cat household and are concerned that your cats are playing too roughly and biting each other. Even if you’ve given them the best cat toys, it’s common for cats to occasionally give their human companions or feline playmates a playful nibble, but play biting can escalate and cause injuries if their teeth break the skin, so it’s important to discourage this behavior.

Play biting can be influenced by three key factors - a cat’s natural hunting instincts, their early socialization experiences, and a need to communicate with their human or feline playmate.

We asked Amanda Campion, a clinical animal behaviorist, to explain these underlying motivations and advise us how to respond to play bites or better yet, deter your kitty from displaying this undesirable behavior.

She has worked with cats and their caregivers for many years, using her detective skills to find out what their problems are and trying to find a balance where life is harmonious again for cats and humans.

Why is my cat play biting?

Have you ever received an unexpected bite during playtime with your furry friend and found yourself wondering why does my cat bite me? Cats don’t bite just for the sake of biting. It’s a natural part of your feline friend’s behavioral repertoire.

Campion explains, “A cat’s bite is innate and instinctual predatory behavior. As kittens, they practice their hunting skills, honing their reflexes and satisfying their natural urge to chase moving objects, catch and bite prey.”

You may have experienced your kitty attempting to hug, bunny kick and bite your forearm or leg. This is how they would restrain and immobilize prey. If your cat doesn’t have enough opportunities to simulate the hunting sequence of stalk, chase, pounce, kick, scratch and bite by playing with toys or puzzle feeders, they may misdirect predatory behavior towards you or their feline playmates.

Kittens usually learn social skills, boundaries, and self-control through playing with their siblings and mother. Their playmate will yelp, bat them on the nose, or stop playing with them if they bite too hard.

If a kitten is taken away from its litter too soon or has to be hand-reared alone, it may not learn to sheath its claws and inhibit its bite, leading to overly aggressive play behaviors in adulthood.

Cats also use biting as a form of communication and social interaction. Campion explains, “Play biting is also a means for cats to communicate their personal boundaries or seek attention. By gently nipping another cat or human, they may be indicating their comfort levels or trying to initiate interaction. As soon as the other cat or human responds to the nip, the cat quickly learns this is effective to get the attention it sought.”

When cats play together, gentle nips are often used to encourage a feline playmate to join the game, but a bite may also signal that play is getting too rough and the biter has had enough. If your kitty nips your body parts during play, they're probably in a heightened state of arousal.

Campion cautions, “When a cat becomes overstimulated during play, they may resort to biting to release pent-up energy or express frustration. It’s crucial to recognize their subtle cues and intervene or conclude the interaction before play escalates to aggression.”

How to stop a cat play biting you

To prevent cat play aggression it’s important to understand how to play with a cat appropriately. Never engage in play that involves roughhousing or teasing your feline friend with your hands or feet.

Campion warns, “Hands-free play is essential to prevent your kitten or cat from associating hands or feet as toys."

Encouraging them to pounce by wriggling your fingers or toes under a blanket may seem like a fun game, but this teaches them that it’s acceptable to ambush and attack human body parts, which can lead to misdirected predatory behavior.

While nips from a kitten may be cute, it’s not so amusing when they grow up and have sharper teeth and a much stronger bite.

“Very often, inappropriate human play with kittens will develop into unwanted aggressive tendencies as they mature into adulthood,” explains Campion.

She continues: “Appropriate play is a crucial factor in reducing the likelihood of play biting directed at caregivers and helps establish healthy boundaries and positive play habits. Providing outlets for predatory play, such as wand toys and puzzle feeders, offers your cat opportunities to engage in natural predatory and foraging behaviors in a safe and stimulating environment. It helps satisfy their hunting instincts and prevents boredom-induced biting by utilizing their time effectively.”

Keeping an eye on cat body language can help you spot the warning signs that your feline friend is becoming over-stimulated or frustrated.

“Understanding your cat’s body language is key to preventing play biting,” says Campion. “Always pay attention to their micro-facial and body signals, such as dilated pupils, rippling skin, twitching tail, or flattened ears, which may indicate agitation or overstimulation during play.”

Campion advises, “To deter play biting, immediately withdraw your attention and focus from the cat or kitten and shift your body position away. If your cat already has a grip on your hand, let your limb go floppy and still, then wait for the cat to unlatch. When this happens swiftly remove yourself from the cat without eye contact or communication, preferably to another room.”

If you believe that your furry playmate is about to bite, redirecting their attention to an appropriate kicker toy will allow them to engage their natural predatory instincts to grab, kick, and bite without causing you any injuries.

Campion cautions, “The timing of this is crucial as if you give them the toy after they have bitten you, they may perceive that the biting results in the reward of play with a toy. Consistently reinforcing gentle play behavior with positive reinforcement and redirecting your cat to appropriate toys can help to discourage play biting in the future.”

How to stop a cat play biting other cats

It can be difficult to determine are my cats playing or fighting? The pouncing, wrestling, bunny kicking and biting behaviors displayed by cats during play look very similar to those seen during aggressive encounters. But there are clues you can look out for.

Play fighting is less intense than true fighting, doesn’t involve any hissing or growling and playmates tend to take turns ambushing and pouncing on each other, whereas during an aggressive interaction, it’s usually obvious that one cat is the aggressor and the other the victim.

Cats, particularly kittens, often use their mouths to interact with each other during play sessions. These playful nips are usually gentle and not intended to cause harm.

However, there is a risk that play biting can escalate into aggression, particularly if one cat decides that they’ve had enough, but their playmate continues trying to ambush or wrestle them.

Cats are individuals with unique personalities and preferences. Some enjoy and have a high tolerance for rough play, while others are more sensitive and may find over-exuberant play and biting stressful.

This is more likely to occur when there’s a mismatch between the cats’ temperaments and activity levels, for example, kittens tend to be very active and have higher play drives than adult cats.

If one of your cats has much more energy than their companion, engage them in play with the the best interactive cat toys to give their feline playmate a break.

Never punish your cat if they play too roughly or play bite another cat, as this can cause stress and anxiety.

“Punishing a cat will only exacerbate tensions and can cause the relationship between cats to deteriorate, as well as damaging the human/cat bond,” cautions Campion. "Discourage play biting and aggressive play by ensuring the environment has ample resources and space to avoid competition and resource guarding. Try to engage your cats in favorable interactions through individual playtime and enrichment activities tailored to each cat’s age-specific and health needs.”

You might be wondering can you train a cat to deter play biting and the answer is yes! Positive reinforcement training using praise and treats to reward gentle play behavior can help to foster harmony between two cats and encourage positive play interactions.

They have a reputation for being lazy and aloof but are cats playful? We reveal the importance and benefits of cat play, from banishing boredom to strengthening the cat-human bond. Or, learn about how cats play with each other and why cats sit on their toys

Why do cats suck on blankets? It's a question you may find yourself asking if you regularly notice your feline friend sucking away on their bedding — or yours! 

While it may seem odd to us humans, blanket suckling is common in cats and is typically used as a self-soothing tool to help them feel calm and relaxed.

There are certainly things you can do to try to stop or lessen this behavior, such as investing in the best automated cat toys to ensure your feline friend is getting the physical and mental enrichment they need, however, blanket sucking is a normal behavior and is generally nothing to worry about.

We were keen to find out more about our feline friends fascination with blankets, so we turned to expert vet Dr. Rebecca MacMillan. Below, she explains the most common reasons cats suck on blankets, whether it poses any health risks, and her top tips if you're wanting to put a stop to it. Here's what she had to say...

Why do cats suck on blankets?

If you're anything like us, you spend your days asking yourself a ton of questions related to your feline friend's seemingly puzzling behavior.

Why do cats like to be in boxes, for example, or why do cats loaf? So it's no surprise that we'd also be asking ourselves why cats love to suck on blankets so much!

Thankfully, Dr. MacMillan has plenty of insight into the reasons behind this behavior — and some of what she had to share really surprised us.

1. It's a natural instinct

There are lots of strange or funny things cats do that are actually completely normal, and as it turns out, sucking on blankets is one of those things.

"As a kitten, suckling is an instinctive behavior that releases feel-good
hormones and allows them to successfully feed from their mother," explains MacMillan. "This natural instinct can follow through into adulthood, with some cats reliving the comfort and relaxation that they got from sucking as a youngster."

2. They were weaned too early

The newborn kitten phase is a delicate one where the youngest of our fur friends require a lot of love and nurturing from their mother — being removed too early from their care has the potential to cause problems.

"Kittens that were weaned from their mother too early may be more likely to
suckle on items like blankets. We think that this is because they were
stopped abruptly, before they were ready, making them more likely to hold on to
this behavior until later in life," says MacMillan. 

3. It provides comfort

"A bit like some teenagers or adults that still suck their thumbs, some
cats just enjoy the comfort that suckling brings them. It may become a habit and
could be their go-to mechanism to help them to sleep as well," MacMillan explains.

4. They may be feeling stressed or anxious

We often associate stress and anxiety as something only we humans feel, but anxiety in cats is more common than you might think. 

"When some cats feel stressed or anxious they may resort to coping mechanisms that they know feel good or help them to relax, like sucking on bedding," MacMillan confirms.

It's important to note that things that may not feel like stressors to us can be huge sources of anxiety for our kitty companions. Things like moving their litter box, changing their feeding time, having guests stay over or remodeling the house can all trigger a stress response in cats.

If you're concerned stress or anxiety may be behind your cat's blanket sucking behavior, here's 32 ways to destress your cat that will go a long way in helping them relax. 

5. Boredom

Is your cat bored? If they're sucking on blankets, they may well be. While you wouldn't necessarily associate boredom with blanket sucking, MacMillan says cats that are under-stimulated may well result to this behavior.

"If your cat has nothing better to do, then they may resort to their habit of blanket sucking. Sometimes this has the added benefit of getting additional attention from you!"

6. Genetics

"It is possible that some breeds are more likely to blanket suck than others. Burmese and siamese cats are said to demonstrate sucking behavior more frequently than other types of cats, which suggests there is a genetic component," MacMillan explains.

Can cats get sick from sucking on blankets?

Is my cat sick? It's a question you may worry about if you find your kitty frequently sucking on blankets. However, rest assured, it's usually nothing to worry about.

"Sucking blankets is unlikely to cause your kitten any harm unless they start
chewing and causing damage to the bedding," MacMillan says. "Pieces of blanket or long fibers/threads could cause problems if swallowed. 

Undigestible material trapped in the digestive tract is called a foreign body, and it could create issues like vomiting, diarrhea, and even serious damage to the bowels. 

So, to keep your cat safe, check their blankets regularly and remove them promptly if there are any signs of wear and tear."

How to stop a cat from sucking on blankets

For the most part, sucking is a soothing and calming activity for cats, so most of the time it's best to let them exercise this natural behavior. 

However, if you feel like the sucking is excessive or is resulting in health issues such as vomiting or gastric upset, MacMillan says there are some simple things you can do.

1. Ensure they have everything they need

Meeting your cat's environmental needs can go a long way in reducing sucking behaviors. 

"Make sure all your cat’s needs are met, particularly their need for comfort and
security. This means making sure they have cozy rest areas, plenty of toys, a
scratch post, and appropriate litter trays," MacMillan advises.

Our guides to the best cat scratching posts and the best cat toys are a great place to start if you're in search of some inspiration.

2. Minimize stress

If you think your cat's blanket sucking is being triggered by stress and anxiety, see if you can pinpoint the trigger and do your best to reduce or eliminate it.

"Minimize stress in the environment by making sure your cat has sufficient
quiet time and can escape to an area of the house where they won’t be disturbed
by people or other pets. You could also use a calming pheromone diffuser in the environment to help, especially if your cat is made anxious by specific events like
fireworks, house renovations, or visitors," says MacMillan.

3. Provide them with lots of mental stimulation

Most cats love to play, so it's important you give them an outlet for this 2-3 times a day for 15-20 minutes at a time.

"Ensure your cat has plenty of mental stimulation each day," MacMillan advises. "This will reduce the risk of boredom and anxiety. Play with your cat and make sure they have a variety of toys that stimulate their other natural instincts like hunting."

We highly recommend the best interactive cat toys when it comes to having fun with your feline, and for those times when you're too busy to play, the best cat puzzle feeder will keep them occupied while giving their brain a good workout at the same time. 

4. Get regular vet checks

"Don’t forget to take your cat for regular check-ups with your vet," stresses MacMillan. "This ensures that your pet is in top form and that no underlying health issues are developing that could be impacting their behavior."

Looking for more great kitty content? We've explained 10 weird cat behaviors.

There's nothing more entertaining than seeing your cat watch TV — especially when they start pouncing at the screen. Not only is it hilarious to watch, but it's always nice to spend extra time with them on the couch.

Cat TV has surged in recent years, with more and more YouTube channels offering stimulating nature videos designed for our feline friends. Whether it's birds flying around or mice running about, the quick movements and prey imagery are an exciting combination for our cats.

However, there has been some controversy over whether it's fair for them to watch these videos. After all, it must be frustrating to see your dinner dangled right in front of you, and not be able to do anything about it. Unlike playing with the best cat toys, they don't get the reward of the catch.

If you're wondering why cats play with their prey, this feature can help. 

We don't know about you, but we have lots of questions when we see our cat watch TV. That's why we called in Dr. Rebecca MacMillan, an expert vet with 15 years of experience, to help with the answers. She breaks down why cats watch TV, whether it's safe to watch, if it's a healthy form of play, and if it can help desensitize cats to scary, loud noises. Let's dive in:

Why does my cat watch TV?

We treat our cats like they're our own children, so it's always exciting to see them partake in family activities (like watching the TV). Whilst we might put it down to them being 'one of us', you might be questioning the real reason why cats watch TV.

Dr. MacMillan explains that cats are good at focusing on quick movements and their eyesight is developed this way to help with hunting. As TV has lots of movement, it's likely to grab your cat's attention — especially if it reminds them of prey. 

However, she explains that their long-distance sight isn't very good. This is why you might find them sitting up close to the screen.

She says: "Whilst most felines would prefer to be out physically playing or hunting, TV can offer some temporary relief to those cats who have limited opportunities for this. It can provide stimulation for pets that don’t have access to a window to watch the world go by from either."

Is it okay for my cat to watch TV?

As humans, we're attached to our devices and are always looking for ways to reduce our screen time. So, should we be worried about our cat's too? 

Dr. MacMillan says: "There is not a huge amount of research into the impact of allowing cats to watch TV, but it is more than likely to be fine, as long as they are not doing it obsessively. There are no indications that occasional TV viewing will cause damage to your cat’s eyesight or health."

She explains that cat TV can be a great way to provide additional mental stimulation. Just don't forget to play with them regularly using the best interactive cat toys. 

She says: "Just be warned that some cats may get carried away and scratch your TV or accidentally knock it over, so always take care to keep your pet (and TV!) safe."

Is cat TV a healthy form of play?

Cat play is an important part of your feline's daily routine and they need 15 to 20 minutes of play, two to three times a day. So, does cat TV count towards this? 

Dr. MacMillan says: "TV should not be used in preference to physical play, it is healthiest when used alongside other types of stimulation. The main issue is that certain programs can inadvertently lead to frustration e.g. watching a program with a moving mouse or fish.

"These sorts of programs may engage your cat’s hunting instincts, causing them to even pounce or paw at the screen. But this leads to frustration when your cat is never able to physically catch anything at the end of their game/hunt."

To avoid your furry friend feeling frustrated, give them a physical toy once the program has finished. That way, you'll keep them feeling satisfied.

Can TV desensitize cats to scary noises?

If your cat is afraid of loud noises, like fireworks, you might be wondering if TV can help desensitize them to it. This might be helpful, but Dr. MacMillan says it's not 100% foolproof.

She says: "[...] Most animals’ hearing is better than ours and they are better at detecting the difference in frequency between the true noise vs the one that comes through the TV set."

If you do decide to give it a go, you'll need to introduce the sounds in a gradual, positive and non-confrontational way. Dr. MacMillan suggests playing the scary sounds at a low volume during the day in the background.

She says: "If your cat is comfortable with this, then you can gradually increase the volume on the TV set over several days/weeks, making sure they are comfortable with each increase before moving to the next."

What do cats like to watch on TV?

We can barely decide what to watch on TV ourselves — let alone deciding for our cat too! If you're struggling for ideas, Dr. MacMillan recommends programs that have fast movements, such as snooker or nature documentaries.  

She says: "This is what you might expect given most cats' natural hunting instincts. However, some cats seem to enjoy the same programs as their owners, but maybe that is just because they associate that particular one with being able to snuggle on your lap for an extended fuss!"

Just like humans, every cat is different. Whilst some cats might love binge-watching some David Attenborough, others might prefer the real thing and opt for bird watching in the garden instead.

Dr. MacMillan says that cats' eyes are adapted to dim lighting (opposed to the bright lights of our screens). So, chances are, the TV might be a little too harsh for their eyes.

If your cat does enjoy it, here are some YouTube channels to check out:

• Birder King
• Paul Birder
• Red Squirrel Studios
• Paul Dinning

If you've ever wondered, 'Are cats playful?' this feature has the answers. To learn how to entertain indoor cats, check out this useful guide. 

Ever seen your cat standing upright, quivering their tail and leaving a scent you crinkled your nose at? If this sounds familiar, you might be dealing with cat spraying. This sight might leave you confused and wondering “what does a cat spraying look like?”. To help you better understand your favorite feline's behavioral patterns, we’re here to give you the low-down on cat spraying.

Although cat spraying might be completely normal in the feline world,  it’s not cool when your pet targets household items. Spraying is considered one of the worst cat behavioral problems!

Sadly, indoor elimination is a major reason why some people give up their cats. But with just a little bit of support and lots of love and care, your cat can totally kick this habit. To help you help your pet, we’re diving into the top things you should know about cat spraying.  

What does cat spraying look like?

As a first step to addressing this behavior effectively, it is important to recognize what cat spraying looks like. If you’ve ever walked into a room and seen your cat standing upright with their tail held high while spraying urine onto a vertical surface, well, then you’ve witnessed a cat spraying. According to a 2019 study in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, spraying (also called urine marking) is urine deposited on vertical surfaces like a wall, curtain or door, while the cat is in a standing position. 

So, spotting a spraying cat is pretty easy, not only due to the unmistakably unique posture they will take but also the distinctive scent. If your cat has sprayed in an area, it is likely to give off a pungent smell that will stick around for quite some time.  

The same study also shows that your male cat is approximately 75% more likely to spray than your female cat. Beyond just the physical act of spraying, urine marking is a way of communication between cats without meeting face-to-face, kinda like cat-to-cat texting! 

Why do cats spray?

While it’s cozy for us cat-cuddlers to have our felines indoors, sometimes they perform these not-so-cuddly behaviors inside the house. So, why do cats spray? According to a 2023 study in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, a urinary tract infection could be the reason for this behavior and it’s important to rule it out immediately by visiting the vet.

Secondly, cats are territorial by nature and urine marking is an inherent behavior. If you see your cat spraying, it could be that they’re simply broadcasting their sexual availability. But sometimes, spraying can be a sign of stress, signaling that environmental/social factors might be worrying them. Several reasons can trigger this, including not getting along with other cats inside or outside the home, or feeling out of sorts because you moved into a new home. It’s all about figuring out what’s bugging your cat so you can help them feel secure enough to use their litter box. The study in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery also explains that even the smallest change in your daily routine or your behavior toward them can set off spraying.  

If you’ve been slacking in keeping the litter box clean or stashing it away where your kitty can’t reach it, your cat will probably start spraying. If you’re confused about whether your cats can share a litter box, check out can cats share a litter box? 

Is cat spraying the same as peeing?

Alright, let’s address the confusion at hand. A 2020 case study in the Journal of Animals at the Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, explains that cat spraying is not the same as peeing! You might think your kitty is just peeing outside their litter box in an unusually weird pose but while peeing is about answering nature's call, cat spraying is an entirely different ball game - a feline form of expression. 

You can clearly tell the difference between the two by your cat’s posture. If they’ve taken on the same distinctive stance we spoke about, it's definitely spraying. They’re marking their territory, and might have the “this spot is mine” look in their eyes! On the other hand, peeing is done sitting down, onto a horizontal surface and usually leaves a pool of urine in the designated spot.

Once you know if your cat is spraying or just doing their business where they aren’t supposed to, you can approach the problem with the right fix. It could be that your cat is not spraying but simply peeing outside the litter box. For more on that, take a look at our feature on why is my cat peeing outside the litter box?

Can you stop a cat from spraying?

Absolutely! According to a study in the MSD Veterinary Manual, just a few tiny behavioral modifications can help your cat and prevent them from spraying again. First off, if your cat is spraying, there’s a definite reason behind it. It’s important for you to make a quick visit to the vet to identify that reason. With your vet, discuss your cat’s behavior and situation, the litter box arrangement and the home environment. This will help rule out a medical reason for spraying and approach it in the best possible way. 

Whatever the reason may be, never punish your cat for spraying. Punishment is a big no-no and will make things worse. Even though you might mean well, your cat will misinterpret it and this might affect your relationship with them. Trust your vet to find the best treatment program for your cat. 

As a rule of thumb, the study says to keep the litter box squeaky clean, place it where your cat can access it and make sure you’ve got enough boxes for all your favorite furballs. Scrub the area where your cat has sprayed to completely get rid of any smell that’s lingering around and toss a bit of dry cat food instead to stop your cat from using it to spray. Create a calm and loving routine for them. If you’re wondering how to help your cat feel less stressed, have a look at how to calm your cat during periods of high anxiety. Sometimes, your vet might also suggest medication and a few behavior modification tips to help get everything under control. 

If you’re a cat owner, you’ve probably questioned, ‘Why do cats like to be in boxes?’

When you’ve spent a small fortune on a selection of the best cat toys, it can feel frustrating when your cat only wants to play with the box they arrived in. However, the humble cardboard box can be one of the most entertaining, multipurpose toys your cat can find. 

As well as offering a nifty hiding spot, cardboard tends to be fun for your cat to chew and scratch due to its soft and satisfying texture. If your cat enjoys ripping things up (as instinct often drives them to do) cardboard makes an excellent toy, as it can withstand a fair amount of scratching, but will also eventually come apart quite easily.

So, why do cats love them so much? We asked an expert vet to find out...

Why do cats like to be in boxes?

Cats are particularly keen on squeezing into small spaces, according to the Journal of Applied Animal Behavior Science. The study found that not only do cats enjoy sitting in boxes, baskets, and other enclosed spaces, but will even favor the illusion of an enclosed space, such as a square drawn onto the floor. But why is this?

 1. It makes them feel safe

Cats like to hide. When in a box, the cat feels as though they are perfectly concealed, but they are still free to observe their surroundings as they like. Cats are ambush predators, so this element of being able to hide but still watch satisfies some of their hunting instincts.

“Cats love being in cardboard boxes. In fact, the smaller the better because if they're squished, they know they're safe” explains Dr. Godfrey. If you've got a cat hiding under the bed, this might be a sign of anxiety and you might want to consider what might be making them feel uncomfortable. 

2.  Boxes are fun to play in 

If you’ve ever wondered 'are cats playful?' just give one a cardboard box and you’ll see that they often are. A cardboard box satisfies multiple instincts, such as the instinct to hide, scratch and chew, making them a great multipurpose toy for your feline.  

3. They enjoy the texture

If you’ve ever unwrapped a birthday gift, you know just how satisfying it can be to tear paper, and cats often feel the same.

“Cardboard and paper are fun for cats to scratch, chew, play with, and generally destroy. The rustling or tearing sound caused by your cat's scratching might encourage playing,” says Godfrey.

4. It becomes 'theirs'

“Every time your cat scratches or rubs against it, they transfer their scent, making it even more appealing and familiar,” says Godfrey.

Cats are territorial creatures, so having toys, beds and perches that “belong” to them can help them to feel secure.

Is it good for cats to play in cardboard boxes?

As a diligent owner, you might be wondering whether cardboard boxes are safe to play with. 

We asked Godfrey, who says: “In general, it's safe for cats to hide in, scratch, and play with cardboard boxes and paper.” 

Cats are often more robust than we give them credit for, so as long as there are no sharp edges, staples, or anything that could cut your cat or be accidentally swallowed. You can make boxes safe to play with by removing labels, plastic and tape. 

“It's best to be a bit careful with chewing, as small pieces could tear off and cause choking,” warns Godfrey. “While this isn't something I've come across personally as a vet, it's worth bearing in mind.” 

If you are concerned about your cat hurting themselves while playing with a cardboard box, you could provide them with a hut-style covered bed, which will give them the same sense of security, without any potential causes of injury. 

If your cat likes to shred paper and cardboard, try the central part of a toilet roll, as these don’t have tape, plastic or staples that could harm your cat.

Why do cats like cardboard and paper?

Cardboard and paper are often satisfying for cats to play with as they are easy to scratch, bite and dismantle. 

As Godfrey mentioned above, the rustling and tearing might be enjoyable to your cat, similar to how the best cat scratching posts make a noise when your cat is playing with them.  

If you’re wondering about some of your cat’s weird behaviors, we’ve investigated the reason for your cat playing in their litter box, as well as the importance of cat play in general. 

If you find yourself wondering, ‘Why does my cat attack my feet?’ you’re not alone. 

Even if they have the best cat toys to play with, it’s likely that your kitty can’t resist pouncing on your toes when they spot them wiggling under the bed covers. Or perhaps they hide behind the furniture and stealthily ambush your ankles every time you walk past. From affectionate nibbles to claw-raking bunny kicks, feline foot attacks can be confounding and painful! 

That’s why we asked Amanda Campion, a clinical animal behaviorist, to explain the different motivations for this undesirable behavior. She has worked with cats and their caregivers for many years, using her detective skills to find out what their problems are.

We also investigate what you should do if your cat attacks your feet and the strategies you can put in place to help prevent it from happening again. 

Why does my cat attack my feet?

Why does my cat attack my feet? Does it all come down to instinct? You may be surprised to discover that launching an attack on your feet could be a sign of affection, a playful invitation or a warning that your cat is bored, frustrated, fearful or even in pain. Here are all the reasons: 

1. Hunting instincts 

It’s a common misperception that cats only hunt to satisfy their hunger. Even if you’re feeding your feline friend the best kitten food or the best cat food, they will still display predatory behaviors - stalking, chasing, pouncing, kicking, scratching and biting anything that resembles prey. 

“They may perceive moving feet as prey-like stimuli, leading to playful attacks, as they are innately programmed to find movement a call to action,” explains Campion. 

Cats are hardwired to respond to auditory and visual stimulation that mimics the sudden movements and scuttling sounds of rodents in the undergrowth, so, when your kitty hears your feet shuffling on the floor or moving around under a blanket, their immediate instinct is to launch an attack. 

Feet are the perfect size to mimic small mammal prey and are particularly attractive when you wear fluffy socks or fuzzy slippers that resemble fur. 

2. They’re bored

Have you ever found yourself asking why do cats suck on blankets or why do cats eat hair? Just like a cat choosing to attack your feet, these sorts of behaviors are often the result of boredom. Cats are curious and playful animals, requiring mental and physical stimulation to keep them emotionally and behaviorally healthy.

 “When cats lack mental stimulation or sufficient play opportunities, they may resort to attacking feet out of boredom,” says Campion. “Providing environmental enrichment, interactive toys, and regular play sessions can help alleviate this behavior by keeping them mentally and physically engaged.” 

Discover more tips for keeping your feline companion entertained in our article Is your cat bored?

 

3. They’re trying to play with you

When cats pounce on feet it’s often a playful gesture rather than a display of hostility. It’s common for kittens and young cats to stalk, ambush and swat, bunny-kick and bite each other during rough play, so your cat may be attacking your feet in an attempt to initiate play with you. 

Cat play is crucial, as stalking, pouncing, batting and bunny-kicking toys encourages kittens and cats to exercise, engage their brains and explore their environment. 

Hunting activity also releases endorphins - feel-good hormones which help reduce stress and improve wellbeing. “In the absence of natural hunting opportunities cats kept solely indoors may perceive moving feet as prey,” warns Campion, so learning how to entertain indoor cats is particularly important.  

4. Attention-seeking

Attacking your feet can also be a way for your cat to solicit your attention and communicate their needs, letting you know that they are hungry, would like to go outside, or are craving interaction and affection. 

Campion warns, “Frustration in these circumstances can escalate if the cat’s needs are not met, leading to repetitive attacks.” She advises, “Caregivers should observe for signs of frustration such as vocalization, pacing and restlessness.”

5. They’re anxious or fearful 

When cats are feeling anxious or fearful, they often resort to instinctual behaviors to communicate their discomfort and protect themselves. Our feet are often the closest body part to them, making them obvious targets. 

Humans move unpredictably and a stressed cat may perceive sudden movement as a potential threat and react defensively, lashing out to warn us to keep our distance. 

“Cats experiencing anxiety, fear, or stress may exhibit redirected aggression towards caregivers,” say Campion. “To reduce the likelihood of aggressive behavior it’s crucial to identify and address the source of the stress, whether it’s a new environment, unfamiliar visitors, conflict with other animals in or outside of the home environment, or pain.” 

6. They’re in pain

If your furry friend suddenly starts attacking your feet, it could be a warning sign that they are in pain. Diseases like osteoarthritis, dental disease and hyperthyroidism may cause a usually calm and friendly cat to display aggressive behavior towards their caregiver in an attempt to avoid being touched or moved. 

Campion explains, “In these cases, aggression serves as a distance-increasing signal to prevent further discomfort. Caregivers should monitor for signs of pain, such as reluctance to be touched, changes in grooming habits, reduced appetite, lethargy or decreased interest in play and social interaction, and seek veterinary attention promptly.” 

How to stop a cat from biting feet

Thankfully, there are practical strategies you can implement to stop your feline companion from biting your feet and reduce the likelihood of them becoming targets in the future. 

1. Ignore 

A sudden attack on your feet can come as a shock and scratches and bites are often painful.

Your first instinct is likely to shriek, shout at your cat or try to shake them off but Campion warns, “When attacks occur, it’s important to refrain from reacting dramatically, as this can inadvertently reinforce the behavior. Instead, calmly withdraw attention and cease play to discourage any further aggression. Don’t vocalize, remain still and, if possible, shift your body position away from your cat.” 

Behavior change may take time, particularly if you’ve been tolerating foot attacks for weeks or months, so Campion advises, “Be aware that these attacks may occur and make sure you are ready to distract and protect yourself from injuries by wearing thick socks and footwear in the short term while the rehearsal of this learned behavior starts to dwindle.”

2. Play with your cat

If you schedule regular play sessions with the best interactive cat toys your cat is less likely to attack your feet. 

“Interactive play sessions with wand toys should mimic the movements of different prey to stimulate your cat’s natural hunting instincts," advises Campion. 

Erratic stop-start movements across the floor or underneath a sheet of crinkly paper mimic rodent prey, while and swooping aerial movements mimic a bird or insect in flight.

Campion continues, “Aim to incorporate multiple short, intense play sessions throughout the day, each lasting around 10 to 15 minutes and always end on a positive ‘win’, letting your cat catch the toy to prevent overstimulation and frustration.”

 3. Re-direct them to a toy

It’s important that you don’t punish your cat if they attack your feet, as punishment can cause anxiety, fear, and damage their bond with you.

Campion advises, “Redirecting play to appropriate toys reinforces positive behavior and teaches cats that biting feet is not acceptable. Offering a variety of toys that mimic natural prey can keep them engaged and satisfied. Be sure to rotate these toys and activities on a daily basis to prevent boredom.”

If you know your cat is likely to jump out from behind the couch or under the bed and attack your feet, pre-empt the behavior by tossing a toy on the floor for them to chase before you walk past.

4. Provide feeding enrichment

Like their African wildcat ancestor, a domestic cat’s natural feeding pattern involves spending up to 12 hours a day hunting, catching and consuming prey, so if your feline companion doesn’t have the opportunity to hunt, they may misdirect predatory behavior towards you.

Campion suggests introducing puzzle feeders, explaining, “They encourage cats to engage in natural hunting behaviors while providing mental stimulation and slowing down mealtimes. By dispersing food throughout the environment, caregivers can promote physical activity and prevent boredom-related foot attacks. Your cat can learn to forage for their food and feeding times can be fun for you and your cat, so ‘bin the bowl’!”

Keen to enrich your feline friend’s playtime? We have suggestions for the best games to play with cats. If your kitty is scratching and biting you when you’re supposed to be having fun, we’ve investigated how to stop cat play aggression. 

Have you ever heard an awful, scary noise coming from your cat and thought, “Why is my cat growling?” You might have questioned if cats can even growl. Well, I’m here to tell you all about cat growling – why they do it, when they do it, and what you should do about it. 

Cat growling is scary for a reason – it’s generally meant as a warning – so trust your instincts and back off while you work out why your cat is making that noise! If your cat is feeling protective around resources (like the best cat food), this could be one reason for it.

I’ve been a companion animal vet for eight years now, and I worked in a feline-only practice for a while. I’ve also been a cat foster parent, which was one of the most rewarding things I’ve ever done. In other words, I’ve spent a lot of time around cats, and heard my fair share of cat growling. I’ll illustrate some of the reasons below with real-life examples of cats I’ve had or treated.

Why is my cat growling?

So, without further ado, let’s start talking about why cats growl. Generally, growling is a warning for you (or another animal) to stop doing something. 

Cats are individuals, and some will growl more frequently than others or have a lower ‘threshold’ for growling. But, in all cases, growling is an attempt to communicate something, so watch cat body language and try to understand what it is they’re saying.

1. They're in pain

This is one that, as a vet, I’ve seen a lot. A cat in pain will growl in two ways. Firstly, you might hear a general low continual growl, a little like a moan in humans – this isn’t necessarily to communicate anything specifically, except the feeling of pain. You might notice a cat growling while eating, growling while urinating, or growling while walking – this is a general pain growl.  

But if you try to approach a cat in pain, they might start growling (or intensify their growl). This is now a warning. Cats in pain feel threatened, as they know they’re less able to get away and are worried about increasing their pain by trying. They’ll growl to warn people (or other animals) away, in the hope they’ll back off and leave them alone.

Cats growling because they’re in pain might not have a visible injury, but they’ll usually be hiding or trying to get to somewhere they see as safe. They might not want to eat, and may be dragging a leg or reluctant to use a paw. Not sure? Read more about the signs of pain in cats.

2. They're feeling stressed

 Stressed cats are another common sight in the vet clinic. Cats growl when they’re stressed as a warning to stay back – they’re on the edge, and trying to avoid a fight. 

Cats can have chronic stress, usually caused by territory battles or changes in the home. They can also suffer from acute stress, such as the anxiety they feel travelling into the vets. Either way, they might end up growling in an attempt to get the space they need.

You might notice other signs of stress in cats, such as hiding away, not eating properly, urinating in strange places, or overgrooming. If this sounds like it could be your cat, our guide on anxiety in cats should help.

3. They’re worried about their resources (food, water, bed, litter tray)

Cats are territorial by nature, and it’s common for cats to worry about their resources when another animal or person approaches them. 

If your cat is growling when their resources are approached, it’s likely they’re concerned about competing or losing access to a resource. 

Should I take my cat to the vet for growling?

Unless you’re fairly clear why your cat is growling, a vet visit is in order. This is because cats are masters at hiding the signs of pain, and by doing so can be quite ill before they get brought to the vets. If your cat has started growling recently and you aren’t sure why, a trip to the vets to rule out pain is a good next move. 

If, on the other hand, you’re confident your cat is growling for a particular reason, you don’t normally have to take them to the vet. For example, if your cat is growling when the new kitten comes close, or if your cat is growling when the baby tries to climb on the cat tree.

If your cat is only growling in single situations like this, and their growling has a clear reason, they don’t need to go to the vet. Having said that, you can always take them in for a peace-of-mind check if there’s something you can’t put your finger on.

How should I react if my cat growls?

If your cat is growling, the first thing to do is back off and give them some space. Growling is a normal, natural communication – and it’s a warning that they’re considering attacking if you continue what you’re doing. So if it’s safe to do so, you should stop – immediately – and try to work out why your cat is growling. 

In some cases, the reason your cat is growling will be obvious – maybe they have a broken leg and you’re trying to get them into the car. In that case, you’ll still need to work out if there’s a way to do what you need to do with the least stress to your cat. You’ll also need to take care not to get bitten. 

If you can’t see a reason for it, it’s time for a vet visit – but be cautious about approaching them as they’re likely to lash out. 

Some cats growl more than others and sound quite aggressive. But most cats are only aggressive if they’re anxious or fearful. You might find our article on how to calm an aggressive cat helpful if your cat seems to be growling a lot.

Never punish a cat for growling – they’re trying to communicate their unease. Punishing them will just make them resort to attacking sooner next time. Instead, try to respect their growl and think of a new way to do what you need to do.

Is growling worse than hissing?

Growling is a low guttural sound made from air moving over the voice box. On the other hand, hissing is a sharper sound made from air moving over the tongue and teeth. 

Both are warning sounds cats make when they’re asking you to back off or stop what you’re doing. One isn’t necessarily worse than others, and it seems to vary between cats. Some seem to hiss more readily, while others go for a growl. It’s not a clear escalation from one to the other. 

Having said that, in my experience, hissing is usually closer to biting/scratching than growling. If a cat in their travel box is hissing, I’ll be slightly more cautious than when there’s a cat growling – but in both cases, I’m not going to blindly put my hand in there! Whether your cat is growling or hissing, a change of plan is generally in order.

Cats can growl in lots of situations, but in all cases the advice is to stop what you’re doing and assess. Growling is communication, and by listening to what your cat is trying to tell you, you’ll have a far better relationship. 

You might be interested in reading more about cat behavior problems. Or, if your cat is growling near their food bowl, our guide to food aggression in cats might be helpful.

Do you ever find yourself wondering, 'Why does my cat sleep on my chest?'

One of our feline friends’ most endearing habits is their tendency to curl up and snooze on top of us (even if we’ve provided them with the best cat beds).

Understanding cat behavior isn’t always straightforward, so you may be finding it difficult to determine why your kitty is napping on you. That's why we asked Debbie Bryon, a certified clinical animal behaviorist and registered vet nurse, to reveal the reasons for this delightful but peculiar behavior. She has over 20 years experience living and working with cats.

And if you’re also pondering, 'Why does my cat lay on my chest?', it may surprise you to discover that the motivation for these behaviors may be different. We also investigate the advantages and disadvantages of having a cat sleep on our bed.

Why does my cat sleep on my chest?

There are many different physical and emotional reasons why your cat may choose to sleep on your chest. Understanding these and determining which applies to your furry friend will help you to meet their needs, maximize their happiness and appreciate your unique bond.

1. Affection

Cats form strong bonds with their human companions and physical closeness is often a clear sign of how to know if your cat loves you.

“Loving cat behavior is more subtle than dogs’ exuberant displays of affection,” says Bryon. “Snuggling up to sleep on your chest is a way for your cat to express their love and demonstrate their trust in you.”

2. Security

When your cat curls up on your chest, it’s not just about finding a comfortable spot for a snooze. They’re also seeking your protection and a sense of security.

Bryon explains that, “As solitary animals, cats are at their most vulnerable when they’re sleeping. In the wild they could be prey for larger predators, so even when they drift off they remain alert to the sounds and smells of potential threats, ready to startle awake and flee at a moment’s notice.”

Nestled in the cozy sanctuary of your chest, they can finally relax, let their guard down and enjoy a peaceful slumber safe in the knowledge that you’re there to watch over them and protect them from danger.

3. Warmth

Domestic cats are descended from the desert-dwelling African wildcat and like their ancestors, they thrive in a consistently warm environment. They seem to have an uncanny ability to locate the hottest place in the house whether that’s a sunbeam on the window sill, a toasty rug in front of the fire, or a pile of laundry fresh from the dryer. But where better to find warmth than on their human’s chest?

The chest radiates heat and is usually covered in soft clothes or tucked under a snug blanket, making it the ideal location if your cat is seeking a comfortable spot to settle down to sleep. Your furry companion may be more likely to snuggle up to sleep on your chest if you live in a cool climate, particularly during the winter months.

Breeds with short, fine coats like Siamese, orientals and hairless breeds like the sphynx are known for their heat-seeking behavior and have a reputation for being particularly keen to cuddle up with their human companions.

Kittens and elderly cats are also more susceptible to cold, so you may find them trying to sleep on your chest. If you find yourself asking why does my cat sleep on my chest, Bryon suggests, “Consider whether they are feeling the cold and would appreciate a heated cat bed.”

4. Scent

Scent plays a crucial role in feline behavior and social interactions. Cats use scent to identify members of their social group, so snuggling up on your chest is an opportunity to bask in your familiar fragrance.

You may notice that your cat head bunts you when they lay down on your chest. “This affectionate behavior deposits pheromones from the glands on their cheeks, forehead, and chin onto your skin and clothes, helping to create a reassuring shared scent and marking you as their human,” explains Bryon.

5. Comfort

Sleeping on your chest can give your cat the same sense of comfort and reassurance they experienced when they were a kitten, cuddled up with their mother and siblings.

The soothing sound of your heartbeat and the gentle rise and fall of your chest is reminiscent of their mother’s. You may find your kitty purrs, drools and kneads your clothes or the bedcovers while they slumber.

According to Bryon, “This endearing behavior starts in kittenhood, when suckling kittens knead their paws on their mother, so it’s a sign that they feel closely bonded with their pet parent.”

Why does my cat lay on my chest?

Perhaps you’re also wondering, 'Why does my cat lay on my chest?' While laying on your chest can also be attributed to your cat’s desire for companionship and their natural instinct to seek warmth and security, there are some alternative explanations.

Cats naturally gravitate to an elevated perch, so your chest may be an ideal vantage point. Being up off the ground makes felines feel safer, allowing them to observe their core territory and remain out of reach of perceived threats, like dogs or unfamiliar people.

Bryon reveals, “It may also be an attention-seeking behavior, for example, if your cat is hungry or wants to solicit petting or play.”

You may be more likely to consider why does my cat lay on my chest if it’s a new behavior or happening frequently.

“If your cat suddenly starts sleeping or laying on your chest when they’ve never shown any interest before, or if they are doing it more than normal, it could be a sign that they are feeling unwell or anxious,” Bryon cautions, “It’s important to take notice of any change in your cat’s normal routine, as it could indicate an underlying medical problem or that they are stressed due to changes in their home environment. If you have any concerns, speak to your vet.”

Should I let my cat sleep with me?

Should you let a cat sleep on your bed is an age-old debate. Ultimately, the decision is yours to make depending on what works best for you and your cat. On the positive side, it can foster a strong bond between you, providing you both with companionship and a sense of security.

A cat’s rhythmic purring can act like white noise, masking sounds like passing traffic, promoting relaxation and helping you to drift off to sleep. The pressure of your furry friend sleeping or laying on your chest can also have a calming effect, similar to using a weighted blanket.

A study published in the Pet Behaviour Science journal revealed that the presence of a cat on your chest can reduce your heart rate and blood pressure and the stronger the bond between cat and human, the greater the benefits.

However, there are some potential downsides to consider. Even if you follow the top tips for brushing cats, your feline companion will still shed fur and dander on your bedding, which could be hazardous to your health if you have allergies or suffer from a respiratory illness.

Fleas, ticks and worms can be transmitted from cats to humans, so if you do let your cat sleep with you, keep up-to-date with preventative antiparasitic treatments. If you’re a light sleeper it may be challenging to share a bed with a restless kitty. Cats are crepuscular, meaning that they are most active at dawn and dusk when their prey is most active.

“They are highly motivated to hunt and the movement of your legs under the bed covers may encourage them to pounce on you and bite your feet,” Bryon warns, suggesting, “If your cat is regularly waking you in the early hours, try providing one of the best cat puzzle feeders, to encourage your kitty to engage in pseudo-predatory behavior, leaving you to sleep undisturbed.”

It’s important to remember to respect your cat’s boundaries to avoid them experiencing stress or anxiety.

Bryon advises: "Aim to always allow your cat to choose whether they engage in a particular activity or connection. Cats need to be able to choose to keep themselves physically and emotionally safe. The more you try to force a cat to do something, the less they will choose to engage.

"Always try to perform a consent test, giving two or three little strokes to the cheek or back of the ears. If they lean in, they likely want more. If they lean or even look away, they may not be comfortable with that touch in that moment and if you press on, you may get a swipe or bite as they turn up the volume of their attempted communication with you. Always give them the choice to jump down and never try to force them to lay or sleep on your chest.”

You might also be wondering, 'Why does my cat sleep at my feet?', Why does my cat sleep by my head?' or 'Why does my cat sleep between my legs?'

Why do cats loaf? It's a question you may have found yourself wondering if you've ever watched your feline friend adopt this classic and super cute sleeping pose. 

A typical resting position when your kitty has had their fill of the best dry cat food or has exhausted themselves running around after the best interactive cat toys, the cat loaf tends to be a sign of comfort and relaxation.

One of many funny things cats do, the loaf is usually nothing to worry about. While it can occasionally signal illness, for the most part this sweet resting pose is simply your cat's way of keeping warm or chilling out. 

To help you learn more, we turned to vet Dr. Hannah Godfrey to find out more about exactly why cats loaf. Plus, we reveal the various cat loaf positions and whether your cat sleeping in the shape of a loaf is ever anything to worry about. 

So, without further ado, let's stop loafing around and dive in. Bready, set, go... (sorry, we couldn't resist!)

What is a cat loaf?

Have you ever heard the term 'cat loaf' and wondered what on earth people were talking about? If you're anything like us, you might have wondered if you'd somehow missed out on hearing about a new kind of fancy bread — but while this kind of loaf may not be suitable for toasting and spreading peanut butter on, it sure is super cute! 

"Cat loaf is the name given to a position often favored by cats, where they tuck their paws under their body and curl their tail around them so they resemble a loaf of bread (with a head!)," explains Godfrey.

While this is known as the traditional cat loaf, there are several variations on the theme. Some cats will prefer to keep their tail or elbows out in a partial loaf position and of course, what they're sitting on at the time may affect the shape of their loaf as well! 

Why do cats loaf?

Cats seem to have a whole bunch of reasons why they pop themselves into a loaf position and while it can signal a problem (such as illness), for the most part, loafing is just really comfortable for our feline friends.

"We can’t ask cats why they loaf, but it’s likely to make them feel more secure and less vulnerable, as well as being comfortable and helping them keep warm," confirms Godfrey. 

Here are some of the most common reasons why our kitty companions love getting their loaf on...

1. To keep warm: "Have you ever tried sitting on your hands when you’re feeling cold? It really works to help you warm up. So it makes sense that cats will tuck their paws and tails under them so these extremities don't get cold!," says Godfrey.

2. They feel safe: "Cats spend lots of time on high alert to potential threats, so they like to keep a low profile. In this position, they’re not exposing their tummy or attracting attention, so they feel more secure and can relax a little," Godfrey explains.

3. It's comfortable: "It might not look it, but cats seem to find this position comfortable and relaxing, probably because they feel safe, warm, and cozy."

4. They don't feel well: "If a cat feels unwell, they might feel more vulnerable and threatened," explains Godfrey. "Therefore, making themselves as small and inconspicuous as possible could help them feel like they stand out less. If they have belly pain, they might choose the loaf position, but they would likely show other signs of being not well too, so if your cat likes to loaf, don't assume there's something wrong."

Types of cat loaf positions

Believe it or not, there's more than one way to loaf! Our feline friends have perfected the traditional cat loaf, but they've also come up with a whole bunch of variations that are well worth being aware of if you're looking to call yourself an expert in loafing styles. 

One of the best things about owning a cat is watching all the super sweet positions they get themselves into. Here are a few of our favorites when it comes to the cat loaf...

1. The full loaf position: This is the most common and classic of all the loaf styles. In this position, your kitty will lie on their stomach with their arms, legs and paws all tucked underneath them. Their tail will be curled tightly around their body and their head will be upright with eyes opened or closed depending on how sleepy they're feeling!

2. The partial loaf: A lot like the full loaf, but with one key difference — your cat will keep their front paws visible, either with their elbows jutting out to the side or with their paws extended forward like the Egyptian Sphynx. 

3. The face loaf: One of the most adorable variations on the traditional loaf, the face loaf is where your kitty adopts the classic loaf position with the exception of their head, which they face plant into the floor! Nobody quite knows why they do this — maybe they're exhausted or simply don't want to be disturbed, but whatever the reason, it's clear that our cats find it a comfortable and relaxing way to get some shuteye. 

4. The loaf boat: No, this position isn't adopted by water-loving cats who decide to take a dip in the bath — although we can understand the confusion! We're not entirely sure why this position got its name but given it's the traditional loaf shape with one paw extended out further than the other, perhaps it's because that paw resembles an oar or the front of a boat? 

5. The attack loaf: Likely familiar to cat owners around the world, the attack loaf is that hilarious position your feline friend adopts when they're about to pounce on something. They'll have the core of their body in the classic loaf shape but with their tail extended back and their paws slightly extended ready to spring into action. You'll know they're about to go for it when you see that super cute bum wiggle start to happen!

Should you be concerned if your cat loafs?

Is the cat loaf one of those weird cat behaviors that you're worried about? If so, rest assured that loafing is usually nothing to worry about. Most of the time, your feline friend adopting the loaf position is one of the signs of a happy cat that signals they're feeling comfortable and relaxed.

However, if you're familiar with cat body language and you notice they're tense, rigid, or there's an arch in their back or stiffness in their body, it's worth looking them over and checking to make sure they're not hiding a wound or injury. 

If you're at all concerned about the way your cat is loafing, we recommend speaking with your vet who will be able to rule out any underlying medical issues and help put your mind at ease. 

Enjoyed this? Read about weird cat behaviors.

When you’re showering your cat with attention, you might be thinking, ‘Why does my cat drool when I pet him?’ Surely, if they were happy, they wouldn’t be drooling gloopy saliva? The answer might surprise you and I have the low down on all of this.

My name is Annaliese Morgan, and I am an advanced surgical veterinary nurse. I have also written veterinary academia, pet care books, and feature articles since 1999. 

Whilst you may expect your cat to crave and drool over the best kitten food or best cat food, drooling can also happen due to a myriad of other scenarios, and being petted is one of them. Why would they drool though at a supposedly happy time and when should I worry about hypersalivating and take my cat to the vet? 

Why does my cat drool when I pet him?

Whilst drooling or dribbling saliva can be a sign of something else lurking in the background, most of the time it’s simply your cat’s natural response to being petted and loved. 

You may find your cat purrs alongside drooling or rubs their body against you too. This phenomenon occurs due to the affection and love they feel for you being so large, it makes them feel exceptionally relaxed. When a cat is super relaxed, their mouth muscles (and associated anatomy) also relax and drool can drip or plop out as a result. Check out our feature on how to know if your cat loves you if you want to find out other ways they express their love to you (so you know your cat still adores you even if they don’t drool!)

Is it normal for my cat to drool when I pet him?

The answer to this is dependent on your particular kitty and situation. Usually, dribbling whilst you are petting them is nothing to be concerned about as it is in response to your cat being satisfied and happy. Often cats who exhibit this behavior start drooling while being petted as young kittens. This tends to then continue throughout their life. Breeds with flat faces (known as a brachycephalic shaped face) and those with abnormal mouth and dental formations may drool more day to day purely due to the anatomy of their mouths, again this is normal and nothing to worry over.

It is less unusual, however, for an older cat to start drooling - especially if they weren’t doing this before. It can be a sign of an underlying health condition or injury that will require the attention of your veterinarian. 

Should I take my cat to the vet if he’s drooling?

There are times when drooling requires a visit to your vet. For example:

• If it is a new behavior or response
• If other signs and problems accompany the drooling
• They are old
• They are unwell
• They’ve returned home after being missing or out roaming
• They are a kitten teething
• Anytime you are worried or concerned about it

Drooling, even whilst being petted, if it is not normal for your cat, may indicate an underlying health condition.

Whilst the below conditions are not an exhaustive list, they do give other likely causes as to why your cat needs to see a vet if they are drooling. Only then can a correct diagnosis be made and any treatment given if required. Please note this will vary from cat to cat and will be on a case-by-case basis. 

1. Dental disease

The Cornell Feline Health Centre reports a staggering 50% to 90% of adult cats over the age of four years have some form of dental disease. Drooling is one sign that dental problems are afoot. Other symptoms include (your cat may have one or a few of these): 

• Gingivitis (inflamed gums)
• Difficulty eating or not eating
• Oral/dental pain
• Lumps or sores in the mouth
• Loose teeth
• Retained teeth
• Fractured teeth
• Excessive tartar build-up
• Abscesses
• Blood-tinged saliva
• Pawing at the mouth
• Halitosis (bad breath)

Home dental care, medication, and perhaps dental work or surgery may be required.

2. Upper respiratory infection 

An infection in the upper part of the respiratory tract can cause ulceration in the mouth resulting in drooling. Sneezing, nasal and eye discharge, and not eating and drinking normally may also be seen. Your vet can diagnose this and treat it accordingly.

3. Gastrointestinal blockage

A blockage or a stuck object anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract can cause nausea and therefore drooling. Your cat must be seen by a vet immediately if you suspect they have a foreign body.

4. Upset stomach/nausea

Drooling or excessive salivating is common when your cat feels sick. If they are not eating as well on top of drooling, it warrants a vet trip. Drooling and nausea may occur for many reasons including kidney disease, something offensive they ingested, or part of the digestive system being inflamed or infected.

5. Medical condition

Multiple health conditions such as kidney (renal) disease, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, certain cancers, and irritable bowel disease can all cause drooling. If you notice any change in their eating patterns, behavior, weight, or energy, have your vet examine your cat.

6. Neurological issue

Neurological disease or any issues affecting the nerves, especially those serving the head, can cause drooling. Other signs of neurological damage include balance issues, weakness, problems chewing or picking up food, and dropping food.

7. Injury and trauma 

Trauma, whether caused by direct or indirect incidents, can all cause drooling. From ulcers to burns to fractures and wounds all of these can make your cat drool - particularly if you are petting around the affected area. 

8. Stress and anxiety

Both of these behavioral conditions originally arise from a plethora of other triggers but both may cause your cat to drool as a symptom of it. Often you will notice other signs and things out of character for your cat in these instances. Ask your vet or cat behaviorist for help. They will rule out any medical problems first and then tackle an appropriate behavior plan.

If you are asking yourself more than a few times, ‘Why is my cat drooling?’ Have a read through this feature to see if any of these problems resonate with your situation. Love them or hate them, cats’ tongues are rough and feel weird to the touch - this feature explains the common question, ‘Why do cats lick you?’ Or, learn the answer to, 'Why is my cat walking in circles?'

Wondering why your cat licks their lips a lot? This can be a strange and sometimes concerning behavior, especially if it’s new. Naturally, as a pet parent, you want to know if there’s a problem and whether there’s anything you can do to help.

I’ve been a qualified vet for eight years and I used to work in feline-only practice – so this is a question I’ve been asked more than once! I’ve also owned cats my whole life, although I don’t have the pleasure of cat company right now. This means I know just how worrying it can be as a pet parent when you notice a change in your furry family member’s behavior.

Normal lip licking is infrequent, and you’re unlikely to notice it, so if you’re noticing your cat licking their lips, it’s definitely worth working out what’s wrong.

As discussed later on, one cause might be a foreign object stuck in the mouth. This might happen if your cat likes to play with wool (a linear foreign object), so it’s a good idea to give them the best cat toys to have fun with instead.

While there are completely benign reasons for cats to lick their lips, sometimes it can indicate a problem. Like other changes in cat body language, licking lips is a sign that shouldn’t be ignored. In this article, we’ll cover all the reasons cats lick their lips and let you know what to do about them.

So why do cats lick their lips?

Here are all the reasons cats lick their lips, from the benign to the emergent. Let’s take a look:

Eating can be a messy business, especially when you haven’t got hands! The most common (and totally normal) reason for cats to lick their lips is that they have just eaten, and they want to do some post-eating grooming. Depending on how tidy and clean they are (cats vary, just like humans!), they’ll often have a quick lick of the lips and nose, and sometimes a wash with a paw.

If your cat only licks their lips after they’ve tucked into the best cat food, you don’t need to worry. It’s the feline equivalent of a discrete face wipe! This is more likely if they’re on wet food, as it will be a slightly messier meal, but some fastidious cats will end up licking their lips for a few seconds after finishing off a bowl of dry food too.

They’re feeling nauseous

Repeated lip licking, beyond the usual post-meal grooming, is often a sign of nausea. Nauseous cats might lick their lips, swallow more than normal, and refuse to eat. They may even sniff their food and then retch. Common causes of nausea in cats include kidney disease, toxins, infectious diseases, foreign bodies in the intestines, and pancreatitis, so there’s a lot that could be happening.

Nausea isn’t pleasant, and if you suspect your cat is licking their lips because they’re nauseous you should take them to the vet. They might recommend some testing or be able to give your cat something to make them feel better so they can eat again.

Mouth pain

Another common reason for cats to lick their lips is dental pain and other oral issues. This can create extra saliva, which encourages them to lick and swallow more. But even without the extra saliva, cats with mouth pain often lick their lips, yawn, and gulp. If you can get a look in your cat’s mouth, you might spot the issue - but don’t rule out mouth pain if you can’t see anything obvious. Cat teeth problems are often below the gumline, and they can also get masses under their tongue or at the back of their throat which are hard to see in a conscious cat.

If mouth pain might be your cat’s problem, it’s time to see a vet. They may need to be sedated for a thorough examination, and your vet might want to take x-rays of your cat’s jaws to get information on the parts of the teeth below the gumline.

Foreign body behind the soft palate

A classic summer picture for a vet is a cat being brought in for repeated lip licking and gulping. A grass blade caught at the back of the throat is often the culprit.

Cats like to chew grass, but grass blades commonly get stuck behind the soft palate. This makes the cat feel like they constantly need to swallow but – due to the small barbs on the surface of the grass blade – the blade doesn’t move no matter how hard they swallow.

A linear foreign object (often a piece of wool or even fishing line) is another common type of foreign body that gets stuck in the mouth, causing retching, lip licking, and gulping.

If there’s any chance this is the cause of your cat licking their lips, they need to go to the vet. Sedation will be necessary so your vet can examine the mouth properly and remove the object. To prevent this problem, using only the best cat toys, rather than spare bits of wool, reduces the chance of your cat swallowing them!

Anxiety or fear

Sometimes, anxiety in cats or fear can cause cats to lick their lips. Cats have very subtle body language that we humans often miss or misunderstand. Lip licking can be a displacement behavior to try to diffuse anxiety and tension. Have a look at your cat’s surroundings, and the situations when lip licking is happening to see whether this is the cause.

If anxiety could be the cause of your cat licking their lips, there are some things you can do. Creating a safer space for them can really help – there’s some great tips in our multi-cat household article that are relevant even if you only share your home with one feline family member.

Increased nasal discharge (that’s snot, to most people) can cause cats to lick their lips more as they try to catch the drips. You might notice clear or colored discharge from your cat’s nostrils as well as lip-licking, or there might be crusts around their nose or eyes. The most common cause of increased nasal discharge is cat flu, but there are other causes too.

In many cases, cats with nasal discharge caused by cat flu will get better on their own. However, you should monitor your cat’s appetite and general demeanor and take them to the vet if they seem under the weather. If the discharge is only from one nostril, it doesn’t improve within a week, or it gets worse, it’s time to head to the vet in case cat flu isn’t the cause!

Lip licking and swallowing are highly connected in cats, so it’s no surprise that cats lick their lips when they have excess saliva production. As we’ve discussed, this could be due to mouth pain, but there are other causes of saliva overproduction too.

Access to toxins is one, bitterants (like those used in topical flea treatments) are another. Some cats drool a lot with catnip, and there are other medical problems that cause excessive salivation.

Excessive salivation should prompt a vet visit, as it’s often a sign of a problem. If there’s a chance that your pet got into something toxic, make that an urgent appointment!

Most cats licking their lips will just be cleaning themselves up after a meal, but if your cat licks their lips more than normal, there could be something wrong. If you aren’t sure, scheduling a visit with your veterinarian is never a bad idea!

Looking to find out more about why cats do the things they do? We dig deep to find the answers to why do cats suck on blankets and why do cats eat hair — and you may just be surprised!

When you’ve just bought a brand-new sofa, the last thing you want is for your cat to scratch it up and make a mess. As cat owners, we know what that’s like and have had far too many pieces of furniture destroyed ourselves. 

One way to avoid this problem is by investing in one of the best cat scratching posts so they focus their attention on that instead. For more ways to prevent this from happening, our guide on how to keep cats from scratching furniture can help you.

Although this behavior can be annoying (and expensive), there are some pretty good reasons why they do it which Amanda Campion, a clinical animal behaviorist, explained in her recent Instagram post. If you want to find out what they are, keep on reading: 

1. Survival

Amanda explains that climbing trees would have helped them to survive in the wild, and to maintain the claws that help them climb, they need to scratch them. 

Instead of cutting their nails down with scissors like humans, cats do it a little differently. Their claws grow from the inside out and when they scratch, the sheaths (the outside) come off and a new claw underneath is revealed. 

2. Maintain healthy muscles

Scratching is also a great way for your cats to stretch, flex, and maintain their muscles. While a cat scratches, they’ll usually be stretching and flexing at the same time which helps to keep them toned and agile. If you’re looking for other ways to keep your cat in tip-top shape, try these seven cat exercises.

3. It feels good

If your cat is feeling a little anxious, they might start scratching to relieve some of that stress. Whenever your cat scratches, it releases endorphins in their brain which makes them feel happier. It's worth reading up on anxiety in cats to find out how you can help them.

4. They’re marking their territory

Amanda says that when a cat wants to mark their territory, they might start scratching a surface. When they do this, they leave behind a scent from their interdigital glands in their paws, telling other cats who’s boss. 

Wondering ‘why does my cat scratch the wall?’ We asked an expert vet to explain. If you need advice on how to calm an aggressive cat, here are the answers you’ve been searching for.

No cat parent wants their kitty to hiss at them. However, it’s a particular natural mode of communication for our feline friends; a way for them to express when they’re uncomfortable, stressed, or afraid. 

Many of us are unsure what to do, or how to react, when our cats hiss at us – do you give them some of the best cat treats, or simply leave them alone? But fortunately, certified cat behavior psychologist Saba Sayyed, who goes by the name A Cat Psychologist, has offered some advice in a recent Instagram post. 

“Hissing is not an aggressive behavior,” Sayyed explains. “Instead, cats hiss when they don’t want any trouble or physical altercations. It’s a warning to back off to avoid a fight.”

So, what can you do? According to Sayyed, you should give your cat some space if they hiss at you – don’t encourage them to do anything they don’t want to do. Try to encourage them with positive associations instead. 

Immediately after your cat hisses, don’t react. Simply leave them alone. Try not to get stressed or breathe heavily, and don’t make any unpredictable movements or noise. If you get angry or try to punish your cat for hissing, you’ll simply be reinforcing that they’re right to feel uncomfortable or threatened.

And if your cat goes off to hide, leave them be for a while. Cats can sometimes take a while to cool down, and hiding makes them feel safe. In the wild, cats hunt alone, and like to hide in small, warm places so that both their prey and potential predators won’t find them. 

When your cat appears to be calmer, slowly approach them from the side without looking them in the eyes, and try to coax them out with food or catnip. 

It’s also a good idea to familiarize yourself with cat body language – particularly the sort of body language that may accompany or precede hissing. This way, you may be able to remove yourself or remove your cat from the situation before they feel the need to hiss. 

A scared or nervous cat may crouch down with their tail tucked in or have their ears flat back against their head with wide, dilated pupils, too. They might also stand with their back arched and their hair raised.

Meanwhile, an angry cat can appear similar, with an arched back and stiff body. However, they may also bare their teeth at you or wag or thump their tail. 

And if your kitty is actually showing signs of aggression, here’s how to calm an aggressive cat. 

Unless specifically stated, any expert comments quoted in this news piece have been taken directly from the Instagram post cited below.

Many cat parents have had their feline friends bite them at least once or twice, perhaps when you’ve been playing with them, giving them some cat treats, or even just petting them. 

If you’re left asking ‘Why does my cat bite me?’, you’re not alone. It can be confusing to have your cat bite you, apparently out of nowhere, when it doesn’t feel as if you’ve done anything to deserve it, but biting is a natural behavior for cats.

Biting serves lots of purposes for cats, so it’s a good idea to understand why your feline friend might be biting you – hopefully, you’ll be able to prevent future bites, or at least reduce the frequency of them. 

But where do you start? Well, Molly Kelsey, or That Cat Counsellor, has explained why your cat might be biting you in a recent Instagram post to give us all some insight.

First up, Kelsey says your cat might be biting you because they’re overstimulated. 

“Cats have countless nerve endings that easily recognize when their fur is being stroked. If they don’t like it (due to location, direction, duration, or intensity) they will use body language to signal they want it to stop. When that fails to get the point across, biting can occur.”

Or if you’re playing with your cat, you might be triggering their natural hunting instincts. 

Cats play using their teeth and claws, and they might playfully bite you during play to mimic the hunting behavior you might see in wild cats when they play fight. When you’re playing with your furry friend, they might see your hands and fingers as prey.

Another reason for biting is pain. 

“Pain can trigger a cat to bite as a defensive response,” continues Kelsey. “When a cat is in discomfort, it may feel vulnerable and instinctively resort to defensive behaviors, such as biting, to protect itself.”

In this setting, biting is a way for cats to communicate that they are feeling threatened, in pain, or distressed. And likewise, cats may use biting to signal that they’re unhappy or uncomfortable, without necessarily being in pain. Because you’re holding them in a way they don’t like, or they feel as if their personal space is being invaded. 

Is your kitten biting you? If so, this is to be expected even more so than it is for adult cats. Your kitten isn’t deliberately trying to hurt you – they’re playing, and still learning what the rules are. 

Kittens explore the world around them with their mouths, and they’re testing out their prey drive for when they’re older, a stage known as play aggression. Here’s how to stop play aggression, in case you need more information.

So, no matter the age of your kitty, they aren’t deliberately being malicious when they bite you. They might just be getting a bit too overexcited or overstimulated, or be uncomfortable and want to convey this to you. Listen to your cat, and try to work out what they need.

Cats have some uniquely weird behaviors that may leave you scratching your head and wondering if you should be worried about them.

While we completely understand why they can't wait to chow down on the best cat food or play with their favorite toy, there are other behaviors that make a whole lot less sense.

From why do cats suck on blankets to why do cats eat hair, we're constantly puzzled by our fur friends weird and wacky behavior. But the good news is that most of the things we find strange are totally normal things for our cats to do!

We've dug into 32 weird cat behaviors that you might be worried about, why your cat might be doing them and if there is anything you need to do to keep your cat safe and healthy.

32 weird cat behaviors that you’re worried about

1. Midnight "zoomies" 

Cats are notorious for getting the "zoomies" late at night and terrifying other members of the household with their freaky behavior. Thankfully, a cat getting a late night burst of energy and sprinting around is actually totally normal and known as Frenetic Random Activity Periods or "Frapping". If you are concerned that your cat is under-stimulated or stressed and expressing this through their "zoomies", take them to the vet.

2. Chirping

Chirping is another behavior you might find a little weird. It's actually just an example of cat communication: your furry friend is chatting with you or trying to connect. Give them some attention or a treat and see if that satisfies them.

3. Grooming their person

If you've ever wondered why do cats lick you, you'll be pleased to know most possible causes for this weird behavior are positive. Your cat is probably grooming you, expressing love or offering comfort. Alternatively, you might have been touching something smelly and they want a taste!

4. Sitting in boxes

The legend "if I fits, I sits" applies to most if not all cats. A box, a vase, even a square drawn on the floor is likely to be appealing to your cat, as it is an enclosed space that keeps them hidden. As an ambush predator, a comfortable spot where they can hide and watch for prey is your cat's idea of heaven.

5. Biting

If you find yourself asking "why does my cat bite me?" you'll be pleased to know this weird behavior is fairly normal, although often undesirable. They may be angry with you, not enjoying pets or be experiencing fear. Alternatively, they might not be expressing a negative emotion and are simply overzealous groomers, honing their hunting skills (you moved your hand in front of the tiny tiger, what did you expect?), or expressing their love in a slightly inappropriate way. It might also just be cat play biting.

6. Coughing up hairballs

Your cat yacking up a hairball is unpleasant and concerning, but how normal is this weird behavior? If hairballs are appearing more than once a week, you should visit your vet, but an occasional hairball isn't something to worry about. You can get over the counter hairball treatment and ensure that you are grooming your cat properly and regularly to lower their chances of getting one.

7. Slow blinking

Slow blinking is another cute quirk of cat communication. It's a sign of trust and may be your kitty's way of saying "I love you".

8. Staring

Similar to slow blinking, your cat staring at you is an attempt to communicate. They may be hungry, scared, angry or happy — it all depends on the context around the behavior. If there is nothing else going on, it might be simple curiosity or your cat showing an interest in you as their favorite human.

9. Chewing plastic

LOTS of cats eat or chew plastic. While it's an undesirable and potentially dangerous behavior, particularly if your cat is swallowing little bits of plastic, you can rest easy that it is a common vice. Why does your cat eat plastic? It might be curiosity, boredom or that they just like the smell of it. If you suspect your cat has swallowed plastic, you need to take them to the vet to get checked out.

10. Poop face

Your cat might pull a weird face while pooping that makes you wonder if there is something wrong with them. Generally, it's just an expression your cat will pull while evacuating their bowels as a natural reaction to the process or because they are straining. If your cat is constipated you might want to speak to your vet about dietary changes.

11. Mirroring

Cats are fantastic for body doubling: they just want to be doing whatever you are doing because they see it as a social activity. While this can be annoying if your cat keeps sprawling across your computer keyboard while you're trying to work, it is normal behavior and not something to be worried about. Getting your cat "their own" version of whatever you are using (like a miniature toy laptop) might provide them with suitable distraction.

12. Knocking things over

One of the most annoying weird habits your cat may have is knocking things over, causing breakages, damage and slip hazards. But why do cats like to knock things over? They may be trying to get your attention or just feeling playful. Knocking things from height is an example of a domestic cat displaying its hunting behavior — that glass of water just looked particularly like prey.

13. Drinking from taps

Cats are attracted to running water, which may be why your cat prefers to drink from a dripping faucet, shower or even a pond. They want cool, fresh water, so you can see why water straight from the tap might be more appealing to your feline companion than still water in their bowl.

14. "Bunting"

What is cat head butting? This weird head bumping is often called "bunting" and is your cat trying to communicate something with you. Generally it is an expression of love and trust, but also might be your cat's attempt to mark you with their scent or get your attention.

15.  Making biscuits

If your cat loves kneading or "making biscuits" on you or soft surfaces it can mean a variety of things. They might be expressing affection, stretching or simply trying to make a spot comfier ready for a nap. It might also be a kitten habit they never quite kicked, as kittens knead their mothers to express milk.

16. Making a stinky face

Cats sometimes curl their lip when sniffing, which is called the Flehmen response. They're essentially just having a really good sniff and trapping pheromones in their mouth and nose to properly analyze.

17. Eating plants

It's very annoying when you buy a beautiful new houseplant only to find it with kitty teeth marks moments after bringing it home, but can you stop a cat from eating plants? Your cat is probably just playing with dangling leaves or investigating the new thing with their mouth, but be wary of bringing potentially toxic plants into your home in case your cat ingests some. It is wise to keep plants out of reach of your cat if possible.

18. Hiding or covering food

You may find your cat covering or hiding their food, which can seem odd. This weird behavior is called caching and cats can do it in several different ways. They may cover their bowl with something, or drag their bowl to a different location in order to save the meal for later. If you think your cat is off their food, it might be time to take them to the vet to ensure nothing is wrong.

19. Covering their poop

Cats might bury their poop because it can give away their location to predators. It is perfectly natural for your cat to kick some litter over their droppings once they are done, and this may help also to contain the smell.

20. NOT covering poop

If your cat doesn't cover their poop, this may be a territorial display. In the wild big cats like lions and tigers leave their excrement out for everyone to see that they have claimed an area. Smaller or less dominant cats are more likely to bury so as not to offend the top cat in the area.

21. Pooping somewhere uncharacteristic    

There are very few things as annoying as finding your cat has left you a smelly package somewhere other than their litter box, but how do you stop your cat pooping outside the litter box? And why do they do it? They might be protesting the condition of their litter box (make sure you are cleaning it regularly) or displaying dominant behavior in a multi-cat household. They may not like the location if their litter box, so try it in a few different locations to see if the behavior changes. Your cat may also be expressing that they are in pain, so if you suspect this might be the case take them to the vet.

22. Presenting belly

Cats generally don't expose their belly unless they are feeling relaxed and comfortable. They may be inviting you to pet their tummy, but be careful as some cats do not like this area being touched and will attack you. Start with gentle pets and monitor your cat's behavior to see if they are comfortable with the contact.

23. Arching back

This is another cat behavior that depends on context: a cat arching their back when you pet it is expressing something very different to cat arching their back and hissing. If a cat is enjoying pets, they will often arch into the contact, indicating they are enjoying the experience. A cat that feels threatened will try to make themselves seem bigger, which is why they also do this while hissing and spitting. It can also be a playful gesture and an invitation to interact, especially if done while rubbing against your legs.

24. Bringing "presents"

Cats are predators and have the instinct to hunt and to share their kills with loved ones. They may bring you toys, leaves or actual dead animals that they have killed themselves. These are all displays of the same instinct, and while sometimes disgusting, are generally demonstrations that your cat loves you and wants you to survive.

25. Chewing claws

This is a grooming behavior that you might find concerning, but it is natural, to a point. It might indicate that you need to take up cat nail clipping or may be an expression of anxiety if your cat is doing it a lot, but most cats do bite their nails as part of general self-maintenance.

26. Scratching furniture

Similar to nail biting, your cat is doing this to keep their claws sharp and sometimes to express their emotions. They may also be scent marking, expressing boredom or trying to deal with overgrown nails. If you are worried about your cat scratching the wall or furniture, you might be able to redirect this behavior by providing them with a scratching post, or checking that their nails are in good condition.

27. Licking their privates

One of the less cute cat behaviors, they do seem to be able to choose the worst possible times to stick a leg in the air and start licking their privates. This is a normal part of grooming and your cat is probably just keeping themselves clean, but excessive interest in that area may indicate a problem with parasites or skin irritation, so make sure to monitor this behavior if it becomes frequent or out of character. If you notice that your cat licks their lips a lot, this feature reveals why they might be doing it.

28. Hissing

Hissing is a fairly easy type of kitty commination to understand. Your cat is telling you they are annoyed, scared or feel threatened. They may also be in pain and require help, so be aware of the context around this behavior.

29. Sniffing their person's face

One of the weird behaviors cats engage in is sniffing human faces. You might wonder why your cat does this; are they trying to tell you to take a bath or that you're getting sick? Cats experience a lot of the world through their sense of smell, so generally when your cat sniffs your face they are just familiarizing themselves with your scent. If you're using new cosmetic products or have been out somewhere different, your cat will want to pick up this information by sniffing you.

30. "Yelling"

A lonely or bored cat is likely to be a loud cat. This loud meow is often jarring and annoying, but your kitty is trying to tell you something important. They probably want your attention for good reason. If they are "yelling" from another room there may be something in there they want you to see.

31. Sleeping on your face or chest

There are a number of reasons your cat may choose to sleep on your chest, face or otherwise on you. They may feel secure sleeping on you because you are warm, breathing and they trust you. They may be acting territorially, telling other pets that you are their human, or it might be simply that they love you and want to be close to you.

32.  Stalking

Stalking is a natural expression of a cat's hunting instinct, although sometimes they might be stalking something that you can't imagine registers as "prey" to them. However, their prey drive is often triggered by moving objects, so you may find them stalking something like your feet. Look out, if they're suddenly crouching and lazer focused, your kitty might attack!

Read next: Weird cat behaviors explained and why is my cat walking in circles? Or, learn why cats sit on their toys.