Hair loss in dogs is something I’ve seen countless times in my 14 years as a practicing vet. A dog’s coat is more than just for looks – it’s an important part of their health, providing warmth, protection, and even acting as a reflection of their overall wellbeing. When the fur starts to thin, develop bald patches, or fall out entirely, it can be worrying for owners, and understandably so.

As a vet, I know that hair loss (also called alopecia) can be a sign of anything from something as simple as seasonal shedding to more serious skin conditions or underlying illnesses. While some causes are straightforward and easily treated, others require thorough investigation and tailored treatment plans.

In this guide, I’ll explain what hair loss in dogs actually means, the symptoms to watch out for, the most common causes, and how it can be treated. I’ll also share advice on when to seek veterinary attention to make sure your dog stays as healthy – and as fluffy – as possible.

What is hair loss in dogs?

Hair loss in dogs refers to a partial or complete absence of hair in areas where it should normally grow. This can affect small patches of the body, larger areas, or even the entire coat, depending on the underlying cause. It may appear gradually over time and be so subtle that some owners will not even notice, or it can develop quite suddenly.

Unlike normal dog shedding, which happens as part of the coat’s natural growth cycle, alopecia is abnormal and usually indicates that something is interfering with hair growth or causing the hair to fall out prematurely. This can be linked to skin problems such as dermatitis, allergies, parasites, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, or even behavioral issues.

Symptoms of hair loss in dogs

The signs of hair loss in dogs can vary depending on the cause, but common symptoms include:

• Bald patches on the skin: Clearly visible areas with no fur.
• Thinning fur: The coat can look less dense or full than normal.
• Red or inflamed skin: Irritation beneath the fur.
• Crusting, scaling, or scabs: Skin surface changes that are visible to owners at home.
• Itching and scratching: Sometimes intense and persistent.
• Excessive licking or chewing: Especially on affected areas.
• Changes in skin color: Either darkening (hyperpigmentation) or lightening (depigmentation).

Sometimes hair loss is accompanied by other signs such as lethargy, weight changes, or increased thirst, which can give clues to an underlying hormonal disorder.

Causes of hair loss in dogs

Hair loss in dogs can be caused by a wide variety of factors. The most common include:

• Allergies: Dogs can be allergic to environmental triggers such as pollen, dust mites, or mold, as well as certain food ingredients like beef, chicken, or dairy. Allergies often cause intense itching, leading to scratching, licking, and fur loss.
• Parasites: Fleas, mange mites (sarcoptic or demodectic), and lice can all irritate the skin, triggering scratching and chewing that leads to bald patches. Some parasites burrow into the skin, directly damaging hair follicles.
• Skin infections: Bacterial infections (such as staphylococcal dermatitis) or fungal infections like ringworm can cause patchy hair loss, scabs, and redness. Infections may occur on their own or as a secondary skin issue due to damage from scratching or parasites.
• Hormonal imbalances: Conditions such as hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone), Cushing’s disease (excess cortisol), and sex hormone imbalances can disrupt the hair growth cycle, leading to symmetrical hair loss and changes to the coat texture.
• Poor nutrition: A diet lacking in essential fatty acids, protein, vitamins, or minerals can affect coat quality and contribute to gradual hair thinning. Always ensure you are feeding the best dog food you can.
• Stress or behavioral causes: Some dogs over-groom, chew, or scratch themselves due to stress, anxiety, or boredom, which can result in self-inflicted alopecia.
• Seasonal or breed-related shedding: Certain heavy-shedding breeds, such as Huskies or German Shepherds, have heavy seasonal molts. While this isn’t true alopecia, it can look alarming to an unprepared owner.

Treatment of hair loss in dogs

Treatment depends entirely on the cause, so an accurate diagnosis is essential. Your vet will start by taking a full clinical history, they will then examine your dog’s skin and coat, and possibly running tests such as skin scrapings, hair plucks, blood tests, or allergy testing.

• Treating underlying conditions: Allergies need to be managed with dietary changes, medication, or in some cases immunotherapy. Parasites need to be treated using prescription flea, tick, and mite control products. Infections are targeted with antibiotics, antifungals, or medicated shampoos. Hormonal disorders require long-term medication and regular monitoring.
  
• Nutritional support: Switching to a complete, balanced diet and adding omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids can help restore coat health and promote healthy regrowth.
  
• Skin care: Medicated shampoos, moisturizing sprays, and topical ointments can soothe itching and reduce the risk of secondary infection.
  
• Behavioral support: If stress or boredom is a factor, providing enrichment activities, behavior training, and in some cases calming supplements or medication can help.

When should I be concerned about my dog’s hair loss?

You should book a veterinary appointment if:

• The hair loss is sudden or rapidly spreading.
• The skin looks sore, red, crusty, or infected.
• Your dog is scratching, licking, or chewing excessively.
• There are distinct bald spots rather than generalised shedding.
• Other symptoms are present, such as changes in appetite, thirst, weight, or behaviour.

While mild seasonal shedding is normal, any unexplained hair loss or persistent dog skin problems should always be investigated. Early diagnosis means faster treatment, better comfort for your dog, and often a quicker return to a shiny, healthy coat.

Hair loss in dogs can be unsettling, but with prompt veterinary assessment and the right treatment, most cases can be successfully managed. Keeping up with parasite control, feeding a balanced diet, and regularly checking your dog’s coat will help prevent many problems – and keep your dog looking and feeling their best.

Read next: Skin allergies in dogs and hot spots on dogs

Edited by Megan Milstead.

Hydrotherapy for dogs is becoming an increasingly popular form of physical rehabilitation – particularly for dogs recovering from surgery, managing arthritis, or living with long-term mobility issues. As a vet with 14 years of experience, I have seen first-hand how water-based therapy can transform a dog's quality of life.

This form of treatment takes place in specially designed pools or underwater treadmills where dogs can exercise without putting excessive strain on their joints. The buoyancy of water supports the body, allowing for gentle movement and muscle engagement with minimal pain or pressure. It’s not just for poorly pups either – some owners use hydrotherapy to keep their dogs fit and active in a safe, low-impact way.

If you're considering taking the plunge, our guide to the best swimming pools for dogs is a great place to start. But first, let’s dive into the details of hydrotherapy: what it involves, who it’s for, and whether it could help your dog.

What is hydrotherapy for dogs?

Hydrotherapy is a type of physiotherapy that uses the properties of water to support and improve your dog’s musculoskeletal health. Sessions typically take place in a heated pool or underwater treadmill, depending on the dog's individual needs and preferences. The warm water encourages circulation, relaxes muscles, and allows for pain-free movement, even in dogs with significant joint stiffness or muscle weakness.

The frequency of hydrotherapy sessions can vary based on the condition being treated. For dogs recovering from surgery or injury, I often recommend starting with one to two sessions per week. Chronic conditions like arthritis may benefit from a similar frequency in the long-term. As your dog builds strength and comfort, your therapist might gradually reduce the number of sessions or adjust the treatment plan.

Hydrotherapy is particularly useful in managing conditions such as elbow or hip dysplasia, cruciate ligament disease, degenerative myelopathy, spinal injuries, and post-operative rehabilitation. It’s also commonly used to aid weight loss and improve overall fitness in overweight or elderly dogs.

Benefits of hydrotherapy for dogs

Hydrotherapy can provide a wide range of benefits for dogs, including:

• Reduced joint pain and inflammation
• Improved joint mobility and flexibility
• Increased muscle mass and strength
• Faster recovery from injury or surgery
• Enhanced cardiovascular fitness
• Support with weight management
• Improved mental wellbeing and confidence in anxious or nervous dogs

Hydrotherapy isn’t just physically beneficial; there are many ways dogs can benefit from swimming. It often gives dogs a new lease of life, boosting their mood and willingness to exercise.

Side effects of hydrotherapy for dogs

Although hydrotherapy is generally very safe when carried out by a qualified therapist, it isn’t entirely without risk. Potential side effects or concerns include:

• Muscle soreness: Particularly after early sessions, as the body adjusts to new types of movement
• Fatigue: Especially in unfit or elderly dogs, it’s important to allow for rest afterwards
• Skin infections or ear problems: If proper hygiene isn’t maintained, or water enters the ears
• Agitation or anxiety: Some dogs may initially be fearful of water, although this often improves over time

A full veterinary assessment should always be completed before starting hydrotherapy to ensure it’s suitable and safe for your individual dog.

How effective is hydrotherapy for dogs with arthritis?

Arthritis is one of the most common conditions I treat in senior dogs, and hydrotherapy has become a really useful tool in managing it. It’s gentle yet effective, allowing arthritic dogs to stay mobile and maintain muscle tone without worsening joint pain.

In fact, many arthritic dogs struggle with regular land-based exercise, which can leave them in a frustrating cycle of stiffness and inactivity. Hydrotherapy can help to break this cycle. The buoyancy of the water supports their weight, reducing the impact on inflamed joints, while the warmth soothes discomfort and improves circulation.

When used as part of a broader management plan – which may include medication, joint supplements, and lifestyle adjustments – hydrotherapy can significantly slow the progression of arthritis and improve quality of life. I frequently recommend it for my arthritic patients, especially those who are beginning to show signs of weakness or reluctance to move.

How expensive is hydrotherapy for dogs?

The cost of hydrotherapy can vary depending on your location, the facility, and the type of treatment (pool versus treadmill). As a rough guide:

US: You can expect to pay around $40–100 per session, with similar discounts often available for multiple bookings.

UK: Sessions typically range from £30–60 each. Some centres offer discounted packages if you book a block of sessions in advance.

Prices may be higher if your dog needs one-on-one support from a therapist, or if they require a more intensive rehabilitation program. Always check that the hydrotherapist is fully qualified and works under veterinary referral –this ensures your dog receives safe, evidence-based treatment.

It’s also worth speaking to your pet insurance provider. Some policies will cover the cost of hydrotherapy if it’s recommended by your vet as part of a treatment plan.

Hydrotherapy for dogs is a versatile and highly effective treatment that can support dogs of all ages and abilities. Whether your dog is recovering from surgery, living with arthritis, or just needs a low-impact way to exercise, hydrotherapy can offer real and lasting benefits.

As a vet, I’ve been genuinely impressed by how much this therapy can achieve. If you think your dog could benefit, speak to your vet about getting a referral; they will always be happy to help.

Read next: Dog breeds that love swimming and signs a dog is in pain

Edited by Megan Milstead.

What kills dog fleas instantly? This is one of the questions I’m asked most often as a vet, usually with a touch of panic! After 14 years of treating dogs of all breeds and sizes, I’m no stranger to the dreaded flea. They are far more than a minor nuisance – they cause intense discomfort, can trigger allergic reactions, and in some cases, spread parasites or even serious diseases.

Fleas can multiply astonishingly quickly, which is why it’s so important to act fast the moment you realize your dog may have them. While long-term prevention is essential (and we’ll come to that), there are several safe and highly effective ways to kill fleas instantly once they’re already on your dog. It is very important that all dog owners know how to get rid of fleas.

In this guide, I’ll break down the best fast-acting treatments, how to tell if your dog has fleas in the first place, and how to prevent another infestation. If you’re considering your medication options, don’t miss our best flea treatment for dogs guide, which is packed with vet-approved recommendations.

What kills dog fleas instantly?

If your goal is to kill fleas on your dog as quickly as possible, here are the most effective treatments we use in practice and recommend for home use. These options are fast-acting, clinically proven, and safe when used correctly.

1. Prescription oral flea tablets

Speed: Kills fleas within 30 minutes to four hours

This is my go-to in urgent cases. Products like Capstar (nitenpyram) are fast-acting oral flea treatments that start killing adult fleas almost immediately. They work by interfering with the flea’s nervous system, leading to rapid death.

It needs to be prescribed for the correct dose based on your dog’s weight. It needs to be used in combination with a longer-term treatment, since it only kills adult fleas present at the time – it doesn’t offer ongoing protection.

2. Fast-acting topical spot-ons

Speed: Kills fleas within 12–24 hours

Products like Advantage (imidacloprid) and Frontline (fipronil) kill fleas through contact – meaning the flea doesn’t have to bite the dog to die. They’re applied to the skin between the shoulder blades and spread across the body via natural oils in the skin.

The product is applied to clean, dry skin and you must avoid bathing your dog for at least 48 hours before and after application. Always read the label and use products specifically formulated for dogs under veterinary instruction.

3. Flea-killing shampoos

Speed: Immediate effect during use

Medicated flea shampoos can kill adult fleas on contact. They’re ideal in severe infestations when you want to physically remove a large number of fleas quickly. They must be used with caution, as they will only kill adult fleas.

If your dog has a flea infestation, prescription medication, and professional guidance are required, and they should never be used on their own. To use the shampoo, lather your dog thoroughly, working the shampoo down to the skin.

Leave it on for the recommended time (usually five to 10 minutes), then rinse well. Always follow up with a long-term flea control method from your vet.

4. Flea combs

Speed: Instant physical removal, but does not kill all fleas present or address other stages of the flea life cycle

A fine-toothed flea comb can be used to trap and remove adult fleas manually (similar to how nits are removed in humans). Comb slowly through the fur, especially around the neck, back, tail base, and groin. It’s important to note this is not a stand-alone treatment, but it is useful as a supplement to chemical control.

Signs your dog has fleas

Many owners assume fleas are easy to spot, but they can be incredibly sneaky. Here are the most common signs your dog might be dealing with fleas:

• Excessive scratching, biting, or licking: This happens especially around the tail, belly, or inner thighs
• Flea dirt: Small black specks (flea feces) that look like ground pepper; if you put them on a wet paper towel, they’ll turn reddish-brown
• Hair loss or thinning patches: This is often from self-trauma
• Scabs or red, inflamed skin: This can be caused by flea allergy dermatitis
• Live fleas: You might spot one crawling, particularly around the neck, tail base, or belly
• Restlessness or irritability: Some dogs become more unsettled due to constant itching
• Pale gums: In severe infestations, fleas can cause anemia, particularly in puppies or small breeds

If in doubt, part the fur and look closely near the skin – or use a flea comb. Just be aware, fleas move fast, so a quick visual check often misses them.

How to prevent fleas

Once you've dealt with the current infestation, it's essential to prevent fleas from coming back. Here’s what I recommend to my clients:

1. Use a monthly flea preventative: Choose a prescription or vet-recommended product that offers long-term protection. This includes spot-on treatments and oral medications. Consistency is key – don’t skip doses!
2. Treat all pets in the household: Even if one dog shows signs, every pet in the home, including cats, must be treated. Fleas can jump from one animal to another and thrive undetected.
3. Clean the environment thoroughly: Only about 5% of the flea population lives on your pet. The other 95% is in your home – as eggs, larvae, and pupae in carpets, bedding, and cracks in the floor.
   1. Wash all bedding on a hot cycle
   2. Vacuum daily (especially edges and upholstery)
   3. Use an environmental spray that contains an insect growth regulator (like this one from Amazon) to prevent flea eggs from hatching
4. Use flea preventatives year-round: Fleas are not just a summer problem. Central heating keeps them active in winter, so it’s crucial to maintain protection all year round – not just during warmer months.
5. Check your dog regularly: Regular grooming and use of a flea comb can help you catch any early signs of re-infestation. Early detection makes management far easier.

So, what kills dog fleas instantly? The answer depends on your dog’s needs, the severity of the infestation, and your long-term flea control plan.

Fast-acting oral medications like nitenpyram, topical spot-ons, or flea shampoos can provide immediate relief, but they should always be used as part of a wider strategy – including environment control and monthly preventatives.

As a vet, I can’t stress enough how much prevention is easier than treatment. With the right combination of fast actions, consistent prevention, and regular checks, you can keep your dog and your home flea-free all year long.

Read next: Safest flea treatment for dogs and flea medicine vs collars

Edited by Megan Milstead.

As a vet with nearly 14 years of experience treating dogs of all shapes and sizes, I’ve diagnosed and managed many cases of hypothyroidism in dogs. This hormonal condition is surprisingly common in our canine companions and, if left untreated, can significantly impact their quality of life. Thankfully, with the right diagnosis and treatment plan, most dogs go on to live happy, healthy lives.

Hypothyroidism in dogs can be tricky to spot at first. The signs are often subtle and can mimic other issues, making it a bit of a diagnostic puzzle. Owners often come to me saying their dog seems "just not quite right" – maybe they've slowed down, put on weight, or their coat has lost its usual shine.

In this article, I’ll explain exactly what hypothyroidism in dogs is, what causes it, how to spot the signs, and what treatment options are available. Whether you’re worried about your own dog or simply keen to learn more, read on to find out more.

What is hypothyroidism in dogs?

Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland, located in the neck, doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones – primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play a crucial role in regulating your dog’s metabolism, which is essentially how their body uses energy.

When the thyroid doesn’t produce enough of these hormones, the body’s metabolic processes slow down. This affects almost every system in the body, from how your dog digests food and maintains body temperature, to how their skin and coat renew.

In dogs, hypothyroidism is almost always caused by a problem within the thyroid gland itself (known as primary hypothyroidism). It’s most commonly seen in middle-aged, medium-sized to large breed dogs, with breeds like the golden retriever, Labrador Retriever, Doberman Pinscher and cocker spaniel being more predisposed.

What are the signs of hypothyroidism in dogs?

The clinical signs of hypothyroidism in dogs can be varied and subtle at first. They tend to develop gradually, which can make it tricky for owners to spot what’s going on. You might notice one or two of the following signs initially, and more may appear over time:

• Lethargy or reduced activity levels: Dogs may seem more tired, sleep more, or be reluctant to go for walks.
• Weight gain without increased appetite: Despite eating the same (or less), your dog may gain weight.
• Hair loss: Typically symmetrical and affecting the sides of the body, tail, and back of the thighs.
• Dry, dull coat and flaky skin: You may notice dandruff or coarse, brittle fur.
• Cold intolerance: Your dog may seek out warm spots or shiver more easily.
• Slow heart rate (bradycardia): This is something a vet may pick up during a physical exam.
• Recurring skin or ear infections: Often due to poor skin health or secondary infections.
• Neurological signs: In rare cases, dogs may develop weakness, head tilt, or facial nerve paralysis.

It’s worth remembering that these signs can also be seen with other health issues, especially skin conditions, so your vet will likely recommend blood tests to confirm a diagnosis. Some owners report behavioral changes too, such as increased anxiety.

What causes hypothyroidism in dogs?

As mentioned earlier, primary hypothyroidism is the most common form in dogs – this means the problem originates in the thyroid gland itself. The two main causes of primary hypothyroidism are:

1. Lymphocytic thyroiditis

This is an autoimmune condition where the dog’s immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. Over time, this leads to inflammation and destruction of thyroid tissue, reducing hormone production. It’s believed to be inherited in some breeds.

2. Idiopathic thyroid atrophy

In this form, the normal thyroid tissue is gradually replaced with fatty tissue, for reasons we don’t fully understand. Like lymphocytic thyroiditis, this results in a reduction of hormone production over time.

Less commonly, dogs can have secondary hypothyroidism, where the pituitary gland (which controls the thyroid) fails to produce enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This is rare and usually associated with brain trauma, tumors, or congenital defects.

It’s important to note that hypothyroidism in dogs is not the same as in people – in dogs, dietary iodine deficiency and congenital hypothyroidism are extremely rare.

What is the best treatment for hypothyroidism in dogs?

The good news is that hypothyroidism in dogs is very manageable with the right treatment. Once diagnosed, your dog will usually need lifelong hormone replacement therapy. Here’s how we treat it:

• Levothyroxine supplementation: This is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4). It’s given by mouth, usually twice daily to begin with, although some dogs can eventually switch to once daily dosing. The exact dose is calculated based on your dog’s weight and individual response.
• Regular monitoring and blood tests: Your vet will need to check your dog’s thyroid hormone levels periodically, especially in the early stages, to ensure the medication is working effectively and to adjust the dose if necessary. It usually takes a few weeks to start seeing visible improvement in your dog’s energy levels and coat quality.
• Supportive care: Dogs with skin issues, infections, or weight problems may need additional supportive treatments like medicated shampoos, antibiotics, or dietary management until their hormone levels are back to normal.

With proper treatment, most dogs return to their normal selves – more energetic, healthier-looking and happier. However, it’s vital to stick to the treatment plan and not stop medication without veterinary advice.

How long can a dog live with hypothyroidism?

With a correct diagnosis and consistent treatment, dogs with hypothyroidism can live a completely normal lifespan. Once stabilized on the right dose of thyroid hormone, they can enjoy all the things they did before – whether that’s long countryside walks, playing fetch, or curling up on the sofa with you.

The key to long-term success is ongoing monitoring. Regular vet check-ups and blood tests (every six to 12 months in most cases) are essential to ensure hormone levels stay within the optimal range. If symptoms return or worsen, the dosage may need adjusting.

It’s also worth being mindful of other age-related conditions that may develop alongside hypothyroidism. Because many of the symptoms (such as lethargy or weight gain) can overlap with other diseases, it’s always a good idea to speak to your vet if you notice any changes in your dog’s health.

Hypothyroidism in dogs is a common and very treatable condition. Although the symptoms can be vague at first, with early detection and the right care, your dog can live a full and happy life.

If you’re ever concerned that your dog might be slowing down or not quite themselves, don’t hesitate to book a check-up – it’s always better to investigate sooner rather than later.

Read next: Arthritis in dogs or signs of dementia in dogs

Edited by Megan Milstead.

This page was last updated in July 2025 by Emma Chandley.

It’s inevitable that dogs, like humans, will get older. It’s only natural that they’ll slow down somewhat, and might not be as physically and mentally sharp as they used to be.

While this is something we can prepare for by making sure we buy the best dog food and keeping our dogs active, some dogs develop cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS). This is also known as ‘doggy dementia’ due to its similarities to dementia in humans.

Signs of dementia in dogs

Dr Charlotte Rice, in-house vet at pet supplement brand YuMOVE, has shared some of the key signs to look out for. It might not be nice to think about, but it’s important to be aware so you can help and advocate for your dog.

1. Seems lost or confused in familiar settings
If your dog appears disoriented in settings that should be familiar, it could be a sign of dementia rather than just normal aging in dogs – the changes in memory and perception it causes could mean that your dog becomes more confused.

“Confusion can be stressful for these pets, so it’s important to offer reassurance and help them feel safe when they seem unsettled,” adds Dr. Rice.

2. Becomes more snappy
If your dog seems to behave differently, perhaps being more snappy or agitated, it might be down to dog dementia. Alternatively, your dog might be less interested in things.

“You can help by watching your dog’s body language during interactions, so you can support them during situations they might struggle in,” says Dr. Rice.

3. Appears more anxious
“If your normally cuddly dog starts avoiding hugs or is pacing around nervously, they might be feeling anxious,” explains Dr Rice.

“Dogs with 'dementia' can be more sensitive to different sights and sounds, which can make them feel stressed. Creating a calm, soothing environment at home will help them relax. For some dogs, keeping up a usual routine can help them feel more safe.”

4. Seems to have memory loss
Is your dog struggling to remember learned behaviors, like familiar tricks or routines? This could be a sign of CDS. Going to the bathroom on the floor is quite common in dogs who have the condition, because they forget that they shouldn’t. If your dog is doing so, it’s best to speak to your vet.

5. Sleeps more often
If your dog starts sleeping more or has changes in their sleep pattern, they could have CDS.

“They may sleep during the day but pace restlessly or sometimes even vocalize at night, disrupting their usual cycle,” adds Dr. Rice.

6. Seems to have changes in their activity patterns
“Dogs with CDS will often behave differently in general,” explains Dr Rice. “They may be more prone to pacing or wandering, rather than resting. Some dogs may stand and stare, seemingly aimlessly. They sometimes will be less interested in activities they used to enjoy, such as playing with toys or the general environment.”

Sadly, there’s no cure for CDS or doggy dementia. However, you can work with your vet to maximize your dog’s quality of life for as long as possible and keep them happy and healthy. Above all, if you have any concerns, it’s best to speak to your vet as soon as possible.

Read next: Tips for taking care of senior dogs

Pneumonia in dogs is a condition that is commonly encountered in general practice, particularly in very young, elderly, or immunocompromised patients. It’s always a concern, but the good news is that with early detection and appropriate treatment, most dogs go on to make a full recovery.

I have been a veterinary surgeon for nearly 14 years. During this time, I’ve treated many dogs with respiratory issues, and pneumonia is one of the more serious conditions dogs can suffer. That said, it can be one of the most rewarding to treat, as dogs often respond quickly to care once the underlying cause is addressed.

In this article, I’ll take you through what pneumonia is, how to spot the signs early, and what treatment and recovery look like, so you’ll know exactly what to do if your dog is affected.

What is pneumonia in dogs?

Pneumonia in dogs is an inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, where the tiny air sacs (alveoli) become filled with fluid, pus, or other debris. This impairs your dog’s ability to breathe and get enough oxygen into their bloodstream.

There are several different types of pneumonia, but one of the most common is bacterial pneumonia, often caused by a respiratory infection or something being inhaled into the lungs (known as aspiration pneumonia). Other causes include viral pneumonia, fungal pneumonia, and parasitic infections, although these are far less common in the UK.

The inflammation and fluid build-up in the lungs make breathing difficult and can lead to significant respiratory distress if not addressed promptly.

What are the four stages of pneumonia in dogs?

The progression of pneumonia can vary between individuals, but it typically follows four general stages:

• Congestion stage: This is the early stage, where blood vessels in the lungs become congested and fluid starts to accumulate. Dogs may start showing mild symptoms such as lethargy, reduced appetite, and a soft cough.
• Red hepatization stage: In this phase, the lungs take on a firmer texture as red blood cells leak into the alveoli. Owners usually see more obvious respiratory symptoms like a deeper cough, increased breathing effort, and a fever.
• Grey hepatization stage: This is the peak of the illness. White blood cells, particularly neutrophils, flood the lungs, and oxygen exchange is severely impaired. Dogs are often very unwell at this stage and may require hospitalization.
• Resolution stage: If treatment is effective, inflammation begins to subside, and the body gradually clears the infection and debris from the lungs. Recovery begins here, although a cough may persist for a little while afterwards.

How would I know if my dog has pneumonia?

Signs of pneumonia can vary from subtle to severe, but some of the most common symptoms include:

• Coughing: This can range from a soft, moist cough to a harsh, hacking one. It’s often persistent and may worsen with exercise or excitement.
• Lethargy: Dogs with pneumonia are often quieter than usual and may seem reluctant to move or exercise.
• Fever: A high temperature is common, especially in bacterial pneumonia. You might notice your dog feeling warmer than usual, particularly around the ears or belly.
• Increased respiratory rate or effort: You may see your dog panting or breathing more rapidly, or using their abdominal muscles to help breathe (called “abdominal effort”). Their nostrils may flare, and they may stretch their neck out to make breathing easier.
• Nasal discharge: A thick, cloudy discharge from one or both nostrils may be present, especially in bacterial or viral infections.
• Loss of appetite and weight loss: Many dogs with pneumonia lose interest in food and may start to lose weight, particularly if the condition has been going on for a while.
• Bluish gums (cyanosis): In severe cases, low oxygen levels may cause the gums and tongue to turn blue – this is an emergency and needs immediate veterinary care.

If your dog is showing any of these signs, especially in combination, it’s important to seek veterinary attention straight away.

Can dogs recover from pneumonia?

Yes – most dogs can recover from pneumonia, especially if it’s caught early and treated appropriately. The prognosis depends on several factors, including the cause of the pneumonia, the overall health of the dog, and how quickly treatment is started.

With prompt treatment, the survival rate for bacterial pneumonia in dogs is estimated to be around 70–90%, especially in otherwise healthy individuals. However, dogs with underlying conditions or delayed diagnosis may have a poorer prognosis.

Mild cases often recover within one to two weeks, but more severe infections may take several weeks or even longer, especially if lung damage has occurred.

Treatment options

Treatment usually includes:

• Antibiotics (for bacterial infections)
• Nebulization and coupage (to loosen and expel mucus)
• Oxygen therapy (for dogs in respiratory distress)
• Anti-inflammatories (if needed, and under veterinary guidance)
• Fluid therapy (to maintain hydration)
• Hospitalization (in severe cases)

During recovery, rest is essential. Avoid strenuous exercise and monitor your dog closely for any worsening signs. Your vet may recommend follow-up chest X-rays to confirm the pneumonia has fully resolved.

How do dogs get pneumonia?

There are several potential causes of pneumonia in dogs. Understanding these can help reduce the risk:

• Aspiration pneumonia: This occurs when food, liquid, vomit or medication is accidentally inhaled into the lungs. It’s more common in dogs with conditions like laryngeal paralysis, megaesophagus, or during sedation/anesthesia.
• Infectious pneumonia: Caused by viruses (e.g. canine influenza, distemper), bacteria (e.g. Bordetella bronchiseptica), or fungi (e.g. Aspergillus). These are usually spread via airborne droplets or contact with infected dogs.
• Foreign bodies: Inhaled grass seeds or other objects can trigger inflammation and secondary infection in the lungs.
• Immune suppression: Dogs with weakened immune systems (e.g. due to chemotherapy, chronic disease, or very old/young age) are more prone to respiratory infections.
• Poor ventilation and overcrowding: Dogs housed in poorly ventilated areas, such as kennels or shelters, are at greater risk of developing respiratory infections that may progress to pneumonia.

Pneumonia in dogs can be scary, but it doesn’t have to be a worst-case scenario. With early recognition and proper veterinary care, most dogs go on to recover well. It is important that owners trust their instincts.

If something seems “off” with your dog’s breathing or behavior, it’s always better to get them checked sooner rather than later. Remember, fast action can make all the difference.

Read next: Arthritis in dogs

Edited by Megan Milstead.

This page was last updated in July 2025 by Emma Chandley.

We’re right in the thick of summer, and many areas have been experiencing heatwaves. Dozens of people have been hospitalized across North America in recent days, and people are being urged to keep themselves safe.

But it’s not just humans who are affected by heatwaves, of course. Our pets can suffer in the heat, too. Your dog might enjoy getting respite in the water when it’s hot, but this can also be dangerous if blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, is present – if you set your dog free from one of the best dog leashes on your walk, it’s important to keep an eye on where they’re going.

Fortunately, Dr Sean McCormack, head vet at Tails.com, has outlined the risks of blue-green algae, and we all need to know.

First of all, blue-green algae often aren’t visible to the naked eye, so you might not realize their presence. But when it blooms and forms clumps, you’ll notice its soup-like appearance and pea-green color. It shouldn’t be confused with green algae, which looks more like a stringy plant.

Not all blue-green algae are toxic, but some strains can be harmful, potentially causing the following symptoms – both humans and dogs can be affected, but the impact on dogs may be more severe:

• Vomiting and nausea
• Skin irritation
• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
• Excessive drooling
• Disorientation or confusion
• Difficulty breathing
• Seizures
• Weakness, collapse, and unconsciousness

The toxins produced by blue-green algae can interfere with your dog’s liver function, and in some cases, exposure to these toxins can be fatal or cause serious lasting health problems.

If you are thinking of taking your dog swimming, or letting them in the water on a walk, it’s best to err on the side of caution and avoid letting them enter any water that might be suspicious. Instead, Dr McCormack advises visiting a dog-friendly swimming pool with your pup – there are lots of ways your dog benefits from swimming, so there are alternatives if you don’t want them to miss out. You could also invest in one of the best dog swimming pools for your back yard so that your dog can enjoy water safely.

“If you suspect your dog has come into contact with blue-green algae or ingested contaminated water, contact your vet immediately,” he adds. “Unfortunately, there is currently no specific antidote for blue-green algae poisoning in dogs. Prompt treatment is vital to reduce the chances of serious or lasting health effects.”

Your vet may induce vomiting if it hasn’t been long since your dog ingested the algae. If it’s a more serious case, however, a spell in intensive care may be required.

Read next: Heatstroke in dogs or 7 vet-approved ways to keep your dog cool this summer

Would you know what to do if your dog was choking?

Choking isn’t extremely common in dogs, but it can occur when they hold things like the best dog toys in their mouths. And one dramatic video has shown how vets at Mintlaw Vet Surgery in the town of Peterhead in Scotland were able to save three-year-old Rocco after he swallowed a ball.

It all went well, thankfully, with owner Ray Howell being able to take the Doberman back home the same day. The rescue dog was adopted by his family after being abused at his previous home in the Orkney Islands, off the coast of Scotland.

Mr Howell explained: “When we met him off the ferry, this purple ball was his only possession. It was his favorite toy, and he carried it everywhere, so we’ve always made sure he had it.”

Howell returned home from work at lunchtime one day and was watching Rocco and his sister, fellow Doberman Stella, play in the yard when the accident happened. Rocco picked up both his ball and Stella’s, and then ran straight into her. Because he had both balls in his mouth, it forced his own ball down his throat.

“He was standing still, really oddly, and when I put my hand on his neck, I could feel the swelling of the bulge of the ball,” Howell recalled. “I knew I needed help fast and got him in the car without wasting any time trying to get it out.

“The vets are only a few miles away, but by the time we got there, he was only semi-conscious.”

At Mintlaw Vets, part of Pet Health Club, they sedated Rocco and began to work on releasing the ball. They applied firm upward pressure to the dog’s throat, which meant they could get the ball out of his mouth in time to save his life. After being given oxygen to help him recover, Howell could take him home that same afternoon before bringing him back for some checks the next day.

“It was all over so quickly, but it was so scary,” Howell added. “We’ve always supervised the dogs playing, which is why I saw what happened. But he’s now got balls three times the size, so there’s no danger of him swallowing one again.”

What to do when a dog is choking

Holly McKinley, deputy regional veterinary director at Pet Health Club, has urged dog parents to be careful when it comes to balls and other small toys and offers the following advice:

• Choose toys the right size for your breed.
• If in doubt, opt for a ball slightly larger than you think they might need.
• Contact your vet immediately if a ball gets lodged.
• If you can see the object, you could try to gently remove it – be careful not to push it down further or injure yourself. If in doubt, leave it and let your vet remove it as soon as possible.

Read next: Can dog’s eat sticks? Vet’s advice on risks and alternatives

Deafness in dogs can be distressing for both you and your furry friend, but with the right support, deaf dogs can go on to live happy, fulfilling lives. Whether your dog was born deaf or lost their hearing later in life, understanding the condition is the first step towards managing it confidently and compassionately.

As a vet with over a decade of experience in small animal practice, I’ve worked with countless dogs coping with hearing loss. I’ve seen first-hand how deafness affects not just their day-to-day lives, but also their relationships with their owners.

The good news is that dogs are incredibly adaptable creatures. With some thoughtful adjustments and plenty of patience, they can thrive even without their hearing.

In this article, we’ll explore what deafness in dogs actually means, how to recognize the signs, what causes it, and – crucially – what you can do to help if your dog is affected. Whether you’re worried about your own dog’s hearing or just curious to learn more, read on for a vet’s guide to navigating life with a deaf dog.

What is deafness in dogs?

Deafness in dogs refers to a partial or complete loss of hearing. It can affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral), and it may be present from birth (congenital) or develop later in life (acquired). Some dogs may be completely deaf, while others have a reduced ability to hear certain pitches or volumes.

Hearing in dogs works much like it does in people. Sound waves travel into the ear canal, vibrate the eardrum, and are converted into electrical signals that travel via the auditory nerve to the brain. Any disruption along this pathway, whether due to physical damage, nerve problems, or changes in the brain, can lead to hearing loss.

Deafness isn’t always easy to spot, especially if it develops gradually or only affects one ear. That’s why it’s important for owners to be aware of the potential signs and seek veterinary advice if they suspect a problem.

What are the signs of deafness in dogs?

Some signs of deafness in dogs can be subtle, particularly early on or if hearing loss is partial. Here are some common clues that your dog may be struggling to hear:

• Not responding to their name or verbal commands: A previously obedient dog suddenly ignoring you might be more than just stubbornness; it could be hearing loss.
• Sleeping through loud noises: Dogs with normal hearing are easily roused by sounds like doorbells or vacuum cleaners. A deaf dog may remain fast asleep.
• Startling easily when touched: If your dog doesn’t hear you approaching, they may jump when you touch them unexpectedly.
• Unusual barking: Some deaf dogs bark excessively, while others may start to vocalize in a different tone or volume.
• Tilting the head or showing signs of disorientation: If only one ear is affected, your dog might tilt their head or struggle with balance.
• Failure to respond to squeaky toys or environmental sounds: If your dog no longer shows interest in toys that previously excited them, it could be a red flag.

How do dogs become deaf?

There are a number of reasons a dog might lose their hearing, and these can be broadly divided into congenital (present from birth) and acquired (developing later in life) causes.

Congenital deafness is often genetic and commonly associated with coat color. It’s more prevalent in dogs with white or merle coats due to a lack of pigment-producing cells in the inner ear, which are essential for hearing.

Acquired deafness can result from:

• Chronic ear infections: Ongoing inflammation or untreated infections can damage the structures of the ear.
• Trauma or injury: Head trauma or loud noise exposure (like fireworks or gunshots) can lead to permanent damage.
• Age-related changes (presbycusis): Just like in people, dogs often lose some hearing as they get older. Read up on ways to take care of senior dogs to make sure you are supporting dogs as they age as much as possible.
• Ototoxic drugs: Some medications, including certain antibiotics or diuretics, can damage the ear.
• Tumors: Growths in or near the ear canal or brain can interfere with the hearing pathway.
• Wax build-up or foreign bodies: While usually temporary, blockages in the ear canal can also impair hearing. Cleaning your dog’s ears regularly can help combat the build-up of wax.

What can you do if your dog goes deaf?

If you think your dog has gone deaf, don’t panic. Dogs are incredibly resilient, and there are lots of things you can do to support them:

• Get a proper diagnosis: Visit your vet for a thorough examination. They may recommend tests such as a BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) test to assess your dog’s hearing.
• Adjust your training methods: Use hand signals, body language, and visual cues instead of voice commands. Dogs are very good at reading our gestures once they learn what they mean.
• Use vibration or light for communication: A gentle stomp on the floor can create a vibration that gets your dog’s attention. You can also try flashing a torch to call them from a distance. Always be careful not to shine in directly in their eyes.
• Keep them safe: Deaf dogs are at greater risk of accidents as they can’t hear dangers like cars. Always walk them on a leash and make sure your garden is secure.
• Avoid startling them: Approach your dog gently from the front and wake them with a soft touch or vibration so they don’t get frightened.
• Use scent and touch: Incorporating smells and physical contact into training and bonding can help strengthen your communication.
• Consider professional support: Working with a trainer experienced in deaf dogs can make a world of difference.
• Wear a special ID tag: Include a note that your dog is deaf, along with your contact details, in case they get lost (like this one from Amazon).

Can deafness in dogs be cured?

The answer depends on the underlying cause. If deafness is due to a temporary issue, like wax build-up or an infection, it can often be reversed with appropriate treatment.

However, if the hearing loss is due to congenital factors, nerve damage, or age-related degeneration, it’s usually permanent. Unfortunately, there’s currently no reliable surgical or medical cure for most types of permanent deafness in dogs.

That said, deaf dogs can lead full and joyful lives. With some simple adjustments, most adapt incredibly well and can still enjoy walks, playtime, and affection just like any other dog.

What dog breeds are prone to deafness?

Certain breeds have a higher risk of congenital deafness, particularly those with a piebald or merle coat pattern. These include:

• Dalmatians (one of the most commonly affected breeds – up to 30% may be born with some level of deafness).
• English Setters
• Australian Cattle dogs (Blue Heelers)
• Border Collies
• Bull Terriers
• Jack Russell Terriers
• Cocker Spaniels
• Great Danes
• Boston Terriers

It is important to remember, that just because a breed is predisposed doesn’t mean every individual dog will be affected. Breeders should carry out hearing tests in susceptible breeds to reduce the risk of passing on deafness genetically.

Deafness in dogs can be worrying for any pet owner, but it doesn’t have to define your dog’s quality of life. With the right support, patience, and a few adjustments at home, deaf dogs can continue to live full, happy, and enriching lives.

If you ever suspect your dog is losing their hearing, don’t hesitate to speak to your vet – early recognition and a tailored care plan can make a world of difference.

Read next: Aging in dogs

Edited by Megan Milstead.

Arthritis in dogs is one of the most common chronic conditions seen in veterinary practice, especially in older dogs. It’s a progressive, degenerative joint disease that can cause joint pain, stiffness, and difficulty moving around – often before dog owners even realize anything is wrong. Understanding how to spot the early signs and what you can do to help your dog live a full life with arthritis is key.

I have been working as a vet in general practice for over 13 years. During this time, I’ve treated countless dogs with arthritis – from young, active dogs with early-onset joint disease to elderly companions who just need a little extra support in their golden years. Managing arthritis in dogs is something I’m truly passionate about, because with the right approach, we can really improve their comfort and wellbeing.

In this article, I’ll walk you through exactly what arthritis in dogs is, how to recognize the signs, what the stages of the condition look like, how to manage it effectively, and what to expect as the condition progresses. Whether your dog has just been diagnosed or you’re worried they might be starting to show signs, you’ll find the information and reassurance you need to support them every step of the way.

What is arthritis in dogs?

Arthritis, also known as osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease (DJD), is a long-term condition where the smooth cartilage that cushions the joints experiences unwanted changes or becomes damaged and starts to break down.

Over time, this causes inflammation, pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. It’s most common in older dogs, but younger dogs can also be affected – especially if they’ve had joint injuries, developmental issues (like elbow or hip dysplasia), or are overweight.

Arthritis can affect one or more joints. The most common joints affected include the elbows, hips, knees, and spine. As the cartilage wears away in the joints, this allows for bone to rub against bone, leading to joint pain and further joint damage.

In response, the body often tries to stabilize the joint by producing extra bone, which only makes the situation worse. It’s a vicious cycle – but one we can manage with the right support, like giving them the best joint supplements for dogs.

Signs of arthritis in dogs

Dogs are often incredibly good at hiding pain, so it’s up to us as owners to spot the more subtle signs. Here are some common signs of arthritis in dogs:

• Stiffness, especially after resting or in the morning
• Reluctance to jump, climb stairs, or go for walks
• General limping or lameness
• Slowing down on walks or tiring more quickly
• Difficulty getting up or lying down
• Behavioral changes – becoming more withdrawn, aggressive, irritable or anxious
• Muscle loss around the affected joints
• Licking or chewing at joints
• Audible joint clicking or popping

If you’ve noticed any of these symptoms, it’s best to book a check-up with your vet. Early diagnosis and treatment can make a huge difference to your dog’s comfort and mobility.

Stages of arthritis in dogs

Arthritis tends to develop gradually, and we can roughly divide it into four stages:

Stage 1 – Early/Preclinical

Minimal cartilage damage. Dogs may show no obvious symptoms, though subtle changes like stiffness after rest or reduced enthusiasm on walks might be present. Although there may not be much obvious at home, your vet will be able to pick up signs on X-rays or joint palpation at this stage.

Stage 2 – Mild

Mild cartilage degradation. Dogs may start to show signs more consistently – occasional limping, slight difficulty getting up, or slower movement after exercise.

Stage 3 – Moderate

Noticeable cartilage loss and joint inflammation have occurred now. Dogs are clearly lame at times, show reduced activity, and often appear in pain. Muscle loss and joint thickening may be visible, and they may struggle with everyday activities like climbing stairs.

Stage 4 – Severe

Severe cartilage loss and bone changes. Chronic pain is present even at rest. Dogs may be reluctant to move at all and may need daily pain relief and mobility support. Quality of life becomes a key consideration at this stage.

How to manage a dog with arthritis

There’s no cure for arthritis, but the good news is there are many ways we can help dogs live well with the condition. Management is multimodal – meaning a combination of different treatments works best. Options for management include:

• Pain relief and anti-inflammatories: NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are the mainstay of arthritis treatment. They reduce inflammation and improve mobility. Other pain relief options include gabapentin or amantadine in more advanced cases.
• Weight control: Extra weight puts added strain on arthritic joints. Keeping your dog lean is one of the most effective ways to slow arthritis progression and reduce pain.
• Physiotherapy and hydrotherapy: These therapies help build muscle, improve mobility, and reduce pain. Hydrotherapy is particularly useful as it allows dogs to exercise without putting weight on their joints.
• Environmental modifications: Ramps, non-slip flooring, raised food bowls, and supportive orthopedic bedding can all make life easier for an arthritic dog at home.
• Surgery: In some cases, particularly with underlying conditions like cruciate ligament disease or elbow dysplasia, surgical options may be appropriate. Your vet will discuss this with you if necessary.
• Joint supplements: Joint supplements for dogs, like glucosamine, chondroitin, green-lipped mussel extract, and omega-3 fatty acids can help support joint health and reduce inflammation. They’re best started early and used long-term.

How long will a dog with arthritis live?

Many dogs with arthritis go on to live long, happy lives – especially with early diagnosis and good management. It is natural to panic when hearing that your dog is affected by arthritis, but it's important to remember there are lots of management options. I regularly see elderly arthritic dogs enjoying walks, cuddles, and treats well into their senior years.

All that being said, arthritis is a progressive condition, and as it advances, it can significantly affect quality of life. When pain is no longer manageable – despite medications and therapies – it’s time for an honest discussion about quality of life.

In some extreme or end-stage cases, euthanasia may be the kindest option. Especially if your dog is struggling daily and no longer enjoying life. Your vet will guide you through this decision with compassion and be by your side every step of the way.

If your dog has been diagnosed with arthritis, you’re not alone – and there are so many ways to help them cope. The most important thing is to keep talking to your vet, stay consistent with treatment, and make adjustments at home that support your dog’s comfort. With the right care, dogs with arthritis can still enjoy all the things they love most and continue to live a comfortable and content life.

Read next: Obesity in dogs

Edited by Megan Milstead.

As a vet, obesity in dogs is something I encounter all too often in practice, and it’s a growing problem among our canine companions. In my job, I see first-hand the impact that carrying extra weight can have on a dog’s health and wellbeing.

I have been qualified for more than 13 years and have worked with many dog owners to create tailored weight loss plans – combining nutrition advice, exercise regimes, and regular monitoring using the best scales for pets. It’s so rewarding to see a dog’s transformation – particularly in their energy levels and quality of life.

Whether you’re worried your dog is carrying a few extra pounds, or you’re trying to help them slim down, it’s important to understand what obesity means and how it can be managed. Keeping your dog at a healthy weight is one of the best ways to help them live a long, happy life – and you can learn more below:

What is obesity in dogs?

Obesity in dogs is defined as an excessive accumulation of body fat to the point that it negatively affects their health. It’s more than just being a bit overweight – obesity means your dog has too much fat stored in their body, putting strain on their organs, joints, and overall function. A dog is generally considered obese when they weigh 20% or more above their ideal body weight.

There are a few key factors that contribute to obesity in dogs. The most common cause is an imbalance between the calories they consume and the energy they expend.

In other words, if your dog eats more calories than they burn off through exercise and daily activity, those extra calories get stored as fat. Other causes include underlying health issues such as hypothyroidism or Cushing’s disease and certain medications.

It’s important to distinguish obesity from simply being overweight. An overweight dog carries a few extra pounds, while an obese dog carries significantly more fat, leading to measurable health risks. Both conditions need attention, but obesity can be particularly damaging and harder to reverse.

Risks of obesity in dogs

Carrying excess weight puts your dog at risk of several serious health conditions, including:

• Arthritis and joint problems: Extra weight puts more strain on your dog’s joints, leading to joint pain and reduced mobility.
• Diabetes mellitus: Obese dogs are more likely to develop diabetes due to the way fat affects insulin regulation.
• Heart and respiratory disease: Excess fat can make it harder for the heart and lungs to function efficiently.
• Reduced heat tolerance: Obese dogs struggle to regulate their body temperature, increasing their risk of dog heatstroke.
• High blood pressure: Obesity is linked to hypertension in dogs, which can have knock-on effects on other organs.
• Increased anesthetic risk: If your dog needs surgery, being overweight makes anesthesia riskier.
• Reduced quality of life: Obese dogs often have less energy and less stamina, and can struggle to enjoy normal activities.

Life expectancy of overweight dogs

It’s heartbreaking to think that excess weight could shorten your dog’s life, but unfortunately, research shows that overweight dogs may live up to two years less than their ideal-weight counterparts. Obesity increases the likelihood of developing chronic conditions that can ultimately reduce both lifespan and quality of life.

Even mild obesity has been linked to a shorter lifespan, so tackling weight issues early is crucial. By helping your dog reach and maintain a healthy weight, you’re giving them the best chance of a long, happy life.

Signs of obesity in dogs

Obesity in dogs can sometimes creep up gradually, it’s important to watch out for signs that your dog may be carrying too much weight. These include:

• A lack of visible waist when viewed from above
• No obvious tummy tuck when viewed from the side
• Difficulty feeling the ribs without pressing firmly
• Reduced stamina and reluctance to exercise
• Panting more than usual during mild exertion
• Difficulty jumping up onto furniture or into the car
• Sleeping more and being less playful
• Signs of discomfort such as joint pain
• Skin issues, in some dogs, obesity can lead to skin problems including infections

How to tell if a dog is obese

The best way to tell if your dog is obese is by using a combination of weighing and body condition scoring (BCS). Your vet can show you how to perform a BCS at home – this involves feeling your dog’s ribs, looking for a waistline, and assessing their body shape from above and the side.

Ideally, you should be able to feel your dog’s ribs easily without a thick layer of fat covering them, and they should have a visible waist behind the ribs. If the ribs are difficult to feel and the waist has disappeared, your dog may be overweight or obese.

The exact ideal weight for each individual dog depends entirely on the breed, age, sex, and body shape of the dog – there is no one-size-fits-all number.

Monitoring your dog’s weight regularly is key to spotting changes early. Regular weigh-ins at your vet or at home using pet scales can help you keep track. If you’re unsure what your dog’s ideal weight should be, ask your vet for guidance based on their breed, age, and body condition.

How can I help my dog to lose weight?

Helping your dog lose weight is a gradual process that requires commitment and consistency, but it’s well worth the effort. Here are some key steps to success:

• Visit your vet for a weight loss plan: Your vet can calculate how much weight your dog needs to lose and recommend a suitable daily calorie intake – here is more information about how much to feed a dog.
• Switch to a weight management diet: Special veterinary diets are formulated to be lower in calories but still filling and nutritious.
• Track progress regularly: Weigh your dog every couple of weeks and keep a record of their weight loss journey.

• Cut out extra treats: Avoid feeding table scraps and high-calorie treats. Instead, use healthy alternatives like carrot sticks or cucumber.
• Increase exercise gradually: Build up your dog’s activity levels with more frequent walks, gentle play, and low-impact exercises.
• Feed a measured amount of food: Weigh your dog’s food accurately rather than guessing, and stick to their daily allowance.
• Stay positive and patient: Weight loss takes time, so celebrate small milestones and keep going.

Helping your dog maintain a healthy weight is one of the most important steps you can take to support their long-term health and happiness. Canine obesity is a growing concern and can lead to a variety of serious health problems.

Fortunately, healthy weight loss is achievable with the right support, diet, and lifestyle changes. If you're unsure where to begin, speak to your vet – they will always be happy to help.

Read next: Things you can do to help your dog lose weight and ways to workout with your pet. Or, learn about hypothyroidism in dogs

Edited by Megan Milstead.

Dogs can’t tell us when they’re unwell, and it isn’t always easy for us to work out if there’s an issue.

Take ear infections as an example. They’re fairly common in dogs, but we won’t necessarily pick up on the signs of an ear infection straightaway. When a dog shakes their head and scratches their ears, as they might when there’s an infection, we can write it off as usual canine behavior.

However, untreated infections can be dangerous, leading to hearing loss, chronic pain, and sometimes even the need for surgery. Realizing that your dog might have an ear infection and getting them to the vet can save a lot of time and effort in the long run, and spare them a lot of pain and discomfort.

According to research by the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) from 2021, ear infections are the second most common specific disorder in UK dogs, with one in every 14 dogs suffering.

So we can best help our pups, Dr Aimee Warner, resident vet at UK-based pet insurance company Waggel, has offered three things every dog owner should know about ear infections. Let’s take a closer look here:

1. Some breeds are more susceptible
“The RVC study revealed that certain breeds are significantly more predisposed to ear infections,” Dr Warner says. “Basset hounds are 5.6 times more likely to develop ear infections compared to crossbreeds, while Labrador Retrievers, golden retrievers, and Cocker Spaniels all showed elevated risk.”

Dogs with pendulous, or floppy, ears, and those with hair-filled ear canals, are particularly susceptible because of reduced airflow and moisture retention.

2. Symptoms can be subtle at first
Many of the early signs, like scratching and head shaking, can be dismissed. The more obvious symptoms, like redness, swelling, discharge, and odor, tend to appear later on.

“By this stage, the infection is typically more difficult to treat and may have already caused significant discomfort,” says Dr Warner.

3. Recurrence is common when not addressed
“Without identifying and managing predisposing factors, ear infections in dogs often recur,” she explains. “Addressing underlying causes, such as allergies, swimming habits, or anatomical features, is essential to prevent chronic ear issues.”

So, to help your pup, what can you do? Dr Warner recommends the following:

• Regularly check your dog's ears – they should be odorless, relatively clean, and pale pink.
• Gently clean ears, particularly after swimming or bathing, and never use cotton swabs too deeply – here’s how to clean dog ears
• Address underlying allergies with advice from your vet.
• Learn the early warning signs for infection, like head shaking, redness, and ear scratching – why is my dog shaking his head?
• Use vet-approved products for preventative ear cleaning if your dog is from a high-risk breed.
• Seek veterinary attention at the first sign of discomfort.

Read next: Ear mites in dogs and deafness in dogs

It seems difficult to believe that spring is almost here. Christmas doesn’t seem all that long ago, but the days are gradually getting longer and for many of us the weather is becoming more pleasant.

Of course, with spring, it can be time for allergies in dogs to rear their head again – and the same goes for humans, too. Allergies can make everything from going on walks to even just enjoying some of the best dog food less fun for them. But how can you tell if your dog is struggling with seasonal allergies, in order to get them the help they need?

It can be difficult to know if your dog is allergic to things like pollen and dust mites, so this is where the experts come in. Dr. Aimee Warner, resident vet at pet insurance company Waggel is on hand to outline five key signs that our dogs may have allergies – and what other problems you might mistake the allergy symptoms for.

Signs of spring allergies in dogs

1. Excessive scratching and licking: If your dog is always chewing or licking their paws or scratching, they might have atopic dermatitis, or eczema. It affects at least 10% of dogs, according to the University of Nottingham’s Itchy Dog Project, so it’s fairly common, and can be a reaction to pollen or mold.

2. Inflamed and patchy skin: Allergens can cause your pup’s skin to flare up. This might result in hair loss, or you might notice red spots on their skin.

3. Runny nose and watery eyes: A symptom that many of us with hay fever will be able to relate to, many dogs suffer from nose and eye issues when they have seasonal allergies too, so watch out for your dog sneezing!

“Pollen can also cause respiratory reactions in dogs, especially on short-nosed breeds like pugs and Bulldogs,” adds Dr. Warner.

4. Head shaking and infections: Is your dog shaking their head a lot? If it’s something you’ve noticed, and they’re scratching their ears too, they may have a buildup of wax and possibly inflammation, too.

5. Lethargy and irritability: If you think your dog’s energy levels have dipped, it might be because of allergies – they can make us feel more lethargic and it’s the same for our canines. Likewise, allergies might make your dog feel more irritable than usual.

Dr. Warner explains, “Spring allergies can significantly impact a dog's wellbeing, but with the right preventative measures, pet owners can help minimize symptoms and improve their pet's quality of life.

“If you notice persistent scratching, ear infections, or skin issues, it's essential to consult with a vet promptly to determine the appropriate treatment plan and rule out any more serious conditions."

For more advice, here’s how to help a dog with allergies and here’s our guide to the best dog food for allergies

Dogs have a truly astonishing sense of smell that goes far beyond anything we could imagine. From picking up the scent of a potential mate miles away to uncovering an explosive, a dog's nose is always hard at work – particularly if it belongs to a scent hound – but exactly how far can dogs smell?

Over the last century, this special skill has been put to incredible use through specific training to help dogs detect everything from drugs to diabetes. In this article we'll take a look at the incredible world of canine olfaction, with the help from experienced vet Dr. Rebecca MacMillan.

A dog’s sense of smell

Research suggests that smell is a dog’s main sense and allows them to uncover current and historical information about their surroundings. Using the power of their nose, your dog can build a three-dimensional view of their environment which in the past would have helped them to discover food, avoid threat and find dogs to mate with.

“Dogs have an incredible sense of smell. They have many more smell receptors than humans and a greater surface area to pass more air through,” says Dr MacMillan. A receptor is a part of the nose responsible for recognising specific smell particles. The bigger surface area helps too, as it allows more air to pass through their nose giving them more opportunities to pick up smells.

Out on a walk, you likely notice your dog's preoccupation with sniffing. It can dominate the walk and sometimes get in the way of getting to where you want to go. But if you find yourself getting annoyed, you probably don’t realise just how impressive and important this super power is to your dog.

Dog sense of smell vs humans

And how could we begin to understand? Our sense of smell is, I’m sorry to say, rubbish in comparison! Depending on the breed, a dog's sense of smell is reported to be 10,000 to 100,000 times better than ours.

How far can a dog smell?

“According to some sources, dogs can smell objects or people up to 20km away under the right conditions,” says Dr MacMillan.

Some specific research into this question has found that dogs can detect the smell of a wild tortoise from up to 60m away, a rodent in the natural environment up to 50m away, decaying meat up to 200m and whale feces up to 1.93km away.

What affects how well a dog can smell?

“Factors that affect how far a dog can smell include wind conditions and the terrain. The age and type of scent will also influence how far it can be detected,” says Dr MacMillan. Outside of environmental and weather conditions, these factors can impact a dog's ability to smell:

• breed
• age
• physical health
• medication
• training

Which breeds of dog have the best sense of smell?

“Research findings are still mixed as to whether dogs with elongated noses can smell better than dogs with flatter faces. However, we know that bloodhounds, basset hounds, German Shepherds and pointers all have a great sense of smell,” says Dr MacMillan.

Certain breeds are bred specifically for their sense of smell, too – most of these dogs are hound breeds and they have a larger than average surface area in their nasal cavity.

Scent hounds, as the name suggests, have been bred specifically to use their sense of smell for tracking scents. They usually have long ears that help to collect scents out and about. They are also often low to the ground, enabling them to pick up more smells. Some of the most popular breeds with top notch sniffing abilities include beagles, basset hounds and bloodhounds.

What else can a dog detect with their nose?

“It has been shown that dogs can detect illnesses, such as diabetes or cancer in people, as well as smell explosives and drugs at trace levels,” says Dr MacMillan.

Because of their incredible sense of smell, dogs can be trained to track all manner of things from invasive species to missing people. Some of the best tracking dogs are police dogs who are trained to track suspects, find victims and recover evidence (including drugs, firearms and explosives).

While we might have dogs in the police force, they aren’t routinely used in medical settings, but that could change. Because a dog's sense of smell is so detailed, it can notice the subtlest change in human scent caused by disease. Add training to this natural skill, and we now have dogs that can detect all sorts of diseases.

One study found that trained dogs were able to detect breast cancer with 88% accuracy and lung cancer with 99% accuracy, across all four stages of the disease.

Another study showed dogs could correctly identify the scent of children infected with malaria parasites 70% of the time, just from the pair of socks they wore overnight. More research has found dogs can also help diagnose diabetes, Parkinson's disease and even detect a migraine attack up to 48 hours in advance.

How to make the most of your dog’s nose

Getting your dog one of the best snuffle mats for dogs will not only improve their scenting skills, but it will keep them stimulated and allow them to express their natural behaviour.

You can also use the power of scent to keep your dog happy next time you go on vacation – when you leave them with your pet sitter, give them a piece of your clothing too as the familiar scent can help them feel comforted in your absence.

Want to learn more about dogs? Here are our favorite interesting dog facts

Edited by Georgia Guerin.

Part of being a pet parent is keeping on top of our furry friends’ health, both minimizing the risk of them being ill or injured in the first place and ensuring they get the healthcare they need when they do need it.

Whether we’re planning a new walking route, weighing up different brands of food, their health always comes first.

Recently, a Dalmatian-Vizsla cross was excluded from competing at Crufts because of happy tail syndrome, a condition that many of us don’t know a whole lot about – in fact, you’d be forgiven for having not heard of it before at all.

However, happy tail syndrome isn’t an uncommon condition, so it’s a good idea to be aware of the basics. And that’s where Dr. Aimee Warner, resident vet at UK-based pet insurance provider Waggel comes in.

She explains, “Happy tail syndrome shows an irony for both dogs and their owners. The behavior that expresses a dog’s joy becomes a source of pain and potential long-term health complications.

“This is especially difficult because a dog’s instinct to wag its tail doesn’t stop because of pain, creating a cycle of injury and re-injury that can be distressing for both pet and owner.”

While a Dalmatian-Vizsla has made headlines because of the condition, among the dogs most susceptible to the condition are Labradors, greyhounds, and Great Danes, as well as others with long tails and energetic personalities.

Dr. Warner advises looking out for blood spatters on walls or furniture, raw or split skin on the tip of your dog’s tail, or a slight reluctance to wag. Early intervention can stop the condition from becoming chronic.

We can also help prevent injury by padding sharp corners at home and keeping an eye on excited dogs in confined spaces.

“Mild cases can be treated with protective sleeves and bandaging, albeit challenging,” adds Dr. Warner. “Severe or recurring cases may result in partial tail amputation as a measure to avoid chronic pain and infection.”

She finishes, “While the Crufts decision has brought attention to happy tail syndrome, it's important for all dog owners – not just those with show dogs – to be aware of this condition. We're happy to see our dogs wag their tails with excitement, but we certainly don't want that joy to lead to injury.

“Early detection and intervention are essential to prevent a minor tail injury from becoming a painful problem that could require surgery.”

Meanwhile, find out why do dogs have tails to begin with? And, for more insights on how your dog might use theirs, you might find this article useful: I learned these five dog body language cues and they changed my relationship with my dog.

Have you ever been speaking to somebody and noticed that they blink right after you blink, or vice versa? This brief exchange of blinking is thought to help humans and other primates bond. We know, too, that cats use a slow blink to communicate feelings of trust and safety.

And now it appears as though dogs might use blinking to help strengthen bonds as well, between getting the zoomies and hunting for the best dog treats, according to a new study published in Royal Society Open Science.

Martina Francesconi, an ethologist at the University of Pisa who wasn’t involved in the study herself, explained, per Science, “The idea that individual dogs can synchronize with each other in such a subtle and hardly perceptible way raises fascinating questions about how they communicate. They might be more in tune with one another than we realized.”

We already know that domestic dogs seem to blink more around other dogs and use blinking to help keep things calm when tensions might arise with other dogs or even humans. Dogs sometimes also yawn and display facial expressions that look playful when other pups do the same, something known as facial mimicry.

Chiara Canori, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Parma who was involved in some of these prior studies, wanted to find out whether blinking was also part of a dog’s facial mimicry, so created short videos of dogs in which they look at the camera while focusing on a toy or treat behind it.

In some of the video clips, the dogs are blinking, while in others they aren’t. In a third category of videos, the dogs are licking their noses, something that can signify frustration or eagerness. Canori and her colleagues put the videos together into 71-second clips, and showed them in random order to 54 adult pet dogs of various breeds.

The dogs wore heart monitors to help the team assess their emotional reactions, while the pups were also filmed so they could watch out for body language like blinking. While some of the dogs fell asleep, the rest blinked around 16% more on average when watching a dog blinking than during the other clips. Meanwhile, no signs of stress in their faces or heart rates were detected.

Canori explains that future studies are needed to find out whether the participants’ blinks were synchronized with the blinks on screen, and if so, how quickly they responded. However, the increase in frequency does suggest that the dogs are mimicking their on-screen counterparts.

It’s important to note, too, that the blinking is a reflex and the dogs likely aren’t aware that they’re doing it – it’s probably just something they’ve evolved over time to help them manage social situations.

If you’re hoping to strengthen your pup’s bond with you, why not try these 32 ways to improve your relationship with your dog? You might find this list of the things your pet is trying to tell you useful, too.

A pet going missing is one of the most difficult things a pet parent can face.

While wandering pets often return home of their own accord after a while (perhaps after we leave a few of the best dog treats out), or we get contacted by a vet or well-meaning passerby, it doesn’t make that the situation is any less painful in the moment.

One Florida family were left searching for their dog for over a week before being reunited with the pup, but they’re still looking for an explanation from the veterinary clinic she went missing from.

Dog mom Cari Clark told local news outlet ABC Action News, “She’s our baby. She’s my daughter’s baby, my daughter is only 10 years old. I don’t think I will ever forget my daughter’s reaction when I had to tell her what happened.”

She explained that she’d noticed their French Bulldog, Gracie, seemed unwell, dealing with a lot of neck pain and finding it difficult to walk. So, on January 22 she left her at Specialists in Companion Animal Neurology, a veterinary clinic specializing in neurological issues.

The following morning, Gracie was expected to have an MRI scan and potentially a surgical procedure, so when Ms Clark received a call from the vet she thought they’d simply be checking in with her.

In contrast, Ms Clark revealed that the doctor said their vet tech took the one-year-old pup outside to go to the bathroom before her procedure, but she escaped. The family began searching local businesses and neighborhoods, even hiring a drone company to help.

While the clinic also helped to look for Gracie and contacted other nearby clinics, Ms Clark said that she hadn’t seen surveillance footage from them, and didn’t understand why Gracie was outside to begin with given that she’d already been prepped for surgery and had an IV and catheter.

In a statement from hospital director Heather Birkhimer, she said: “We are deeply concerned about the recent incident involving Gracie, a cherished member of her family who got loose while in our care. Our team has been actively supporting the search and remains fully committed to bringing her home safely. The wellbeing of every pet entrusted to us is our highest priority, and we are doing everything possible to assist in this effort. We are a team of dedicated caregivers, and our commitment to compassionate, high-quality care remains unwavering.”

Fortunately, Gracie was found alive near the vet clinic eight days later on January 31. While it was the outcome the family hoped for, Clark said, “For this to be something that just didn't have to happen is really giving us all a hard time.”

The family had experienced a difficult few months, losing their home in Hurricane Milton, and Clark described Gracie as a “huge emotional support” for them all.

While we hope you’ll never have to deal with a missing dog, knowing how to find a lost dog is extremely useful to know. And, if you’re on the other side of things, here’s what to do if you find a lost dog.

Skin conditions in dogs are very common, so it's important to recognize the symptoms and understand the factors that cause them.

Dr. Rebecca MacMillan, a vet with over 15 years of experience, says she regularly sees four skin conditions in particular: skin allergies, parasites, acute moist dermatitis, and endocrine disease. Issues like parasites can be prevented by using best flea treatment for dogs, while managing allergies might require medication or a change in diet.

Some conditions, like skin allergies, can get worse in the summertime when there are more environmental allergens, like pollen. The best way to protect and help your pup is by spotting the signs and knowing how to manage them.

Below, Dr. MacMillan has explained the causes, symptoms and treatment methods on offer:

The most common skin conditions in dogs

1. Skin allergies (atopic dermatitis)

Skin allergies (atopic dermatitis) is a very common condition that affects up to 30% of dogs, according to the journal Vet Sci.

Dr. MacMillan explains that they're usually caused by environmental allergens (grass pollens, tree pollens, house dust mites), but can sometimes be caused by food allergies. To learn the difference between food vs environmental dog allergies, have a read of our helpful guide.

Skin allergies: Symptoms

• Increased itchiness
• Recurrent ear infections
• Scabs
• Sores
• Inflammation
• Thickening of the skin
• Pigment changes
• Licking paws excessively
• Saliva staining the fur, turning it pinky-brown
• Scratching, nibbling and licking multiple times a day

Skin allergies: Treatment

If your dog has a skin allergy, there are several treatment options available, including allergy medications that can reduce itchiness. According to Dr. MacMillan, these may include oral drugs such as prednisolone (a steroid), oclacitinib, or cyclosporine. You might also find antihistamines helpful.

She says: "More recently we have started using monoclonal antibodies which are given by injection once a month. These specifically target the signals for itchiness and have the advantage of minimal side effects elsewhere in the body.

"Immunotherapy can be utilized for atopic dogs. Blood samples help to identify what your pet is reacting to, then small amounts of these allergens can be given to your dog via regular injections. This is done gradually over time to desensitize your pet, reducing future skin flare-ups."

To improve your dog's overall skin and coat quality, you could try supplementing with essential fatty acids or switching to a specially formulated diet. Changing dog food too suddenly can lead to health issues, so always introduce their new diet slowly and gradually.

If your dog has a food allergy, ensure you're not feeding them any proteins they react to – chicken allergy in dogs is a common culprit!

Dr. MacMillan says: "These dogs are more prone to secondary skin infections (pyoderma or yeast overgrowth) which may also require treatment, such as medicated shampoos and antibiotics."

2. Parasites

Parasites, including fleas and mites, are a common cause of skin disease in dogs, according to Dr. MacMillan. If your dog is allergic to flea saliva, they could develop flea allergy dermatitis, which causes symptoms like itching and scratching, and be very uncomfortable.

She explains: "The most seen ectoparasite is fleas. This small brown wingless creature can rapidly reproduce, dispersing eggs into your household. These eggs hatch out into tiny larvae that crawl in your carpet or gaps between floorboards, eating debris. They then form a pupa which can sit undisturbed for several weeks before hatching out. This is known as the flea life cycle."

"Mites are another frequently seen parasite, causing a skin issue known as mange. There are two types of mange, sarcoptic mange and demodectic mange. The Demodex mite lives at low levels in most dogs, not usually causing a problem. However, in young or immunocompromised animals those mites can multiply causing hair loss. The Sarcoptes mite is an infectious parasite that causes widespread intense itchiness, crusting, and hair loss."

Parasites: Symptoms

• Hair loss
• Scabs
• Inflamed skin
• Itchiness

Parasites: Treatment

Once an infestation begins, many pet parents struggle with how to get rid of fleas. Dr. MacMillan recommends using a vet-approved anti-parasite product, treating your home with a flea spray, vacuuming, and cleaning your pet's bedding.

Prescribed tablets or spot-ons are usually more effective, and you'll want to ensure the product is the right size for your dog's body weight.

She adds: "Treatment often fails when owners don’t treat all the animals in the house, miss doses or leave too large a gap between treatments. This can allow the immature stages of that parasite to grow and start reproducing again."

Read next about hypothyroidism in dogs

3. Acute moist dermatitis (hot spots)

Acute moist dermatitis, also known as 'hot spots', causes patches of moist, inflamed skin, typically found on the face or neck but can appear anywhere on the body. In Dr. MacMillan's experience, it affects breeds like golden retrievers, Labrador retrievers, and rottweillers the most.

She says: "We often don’t know what the underlying cause is, but it can be triggered by anything that causes skin irritation such as an insect bite, or a graze. The dog then causes further trauma to the skin by itching and rubbing at the area, leading to a secondary bacterial infection."

Acute moist dermatitis: Symptoms

• A patch of moist, inflamed skin that might have an odor and hair loss
• Skin is usually sensitive and sore - your dog might react when you touch it

Acute moist dermatitis: Treatment

When you take your dog to the vet, the fur around the affected area may be clipped, and the skin will be cleaned. The vet might recommend antibiotics, pain relief, or ongoing topical treatments.

4. Endocrine disease

If your dog has an endocrine disease (also known as hormonal issues), you might notice some changes in their skin, like hair loss and thinning.

Dr. MacMillan explains: "Hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid hormone) can cause weight gain and reduced levels of activity, as well as thinning of the fur. Affected dogs will usually have flank alopecia, which is hair loss or thinning down both sides of their body. These dogs are also more prone to skin infections (pyoderma).

"Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease) is an overproduction of steroid hormones in the body, caused by a small tumor on the adrenal gland or in the brain. This can lead to thinning of the skin, hair loss, and pigment changes.

"Seasonal flank alopecia is a condition most often seen in boxer dogs, Airedale Terriers, and English Bulldogs. Typically, affected dogs have symmetrical hair loss and the visible skin is darker than usual. It is unknown exactly why this happens but usually coincides with the seasons. Hair loss occurs during the fall months and starts to grow back in the spring.

"Fluctuations in sex hormones can also cause coat changes in some dogs. In males, some testicular tumors can cause coat thinning and mammary gland enlargement."

Endocrine disease: Symptoms

• Hair loss
• Coat thinning

Endocrine disease: Treatment

Typically, treatment involves managing your dog's hormonal condition with regular medication and monitoring. However, if your dog has seasonal flank alopecia, it is considered a cosmetic issue, so no treatment is necessary.

You might also want to read: Tips to cope with dog shedding.

Increased urination in dogs can be a concerning sign, often indicating an underlying health issue. While occasional changes in bathroom habits or accidents in the house may have a perfectly normal explanation, frequent and excessive urination can be a sign of an underlying health problem, as can excessive thirst in dogs.

In this article, vet Emma Chandley delves into the common causes of increased urination in dogs – from medical conditions like urinary tract infections (UTIs) and diabetes to lifestyle factors such as diet or stress. Emma has been working in general practice as a small animal surgeon for more than 13 years and is a lifelong dog owner.

Why would a dog suddenly start peeing a lot?

There are various reasons your dog may suddenly start peeing more frequently. Some may be harmless, while others could signal a serious health concern. If you notice an increase in your dog’s urination frequency, it's a good idea to consult your vet. Common causes of increased urination in dogs include:

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
A UTI irritates the bladder, causing increased frequency and urgency of urination. Dogs may strain to urinate or show discomfort, and the urine may appear cloudy or have a strong odor. Here are six signs of a UTI in female dogs.

Diabetes mellitus
This condition causes elevated blood sugar levels, leading to increased thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria). The body tries to eliminate excess sugar through urine, resulting in frequent trips to the bathroom. Without treatment, diabetes in dogs can cause uncontrolled urination, leading to accidents around the house. We have more information about diabetes mellitus in dogs.

Kidney disease
When the kidneys aren’t working properly, they lose the ability to concentrate urine effectively. This causes frequent urination as the body tries to flush out toxins and maintain fluid balance.

Cushing’s disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)
Cushing's disease is a hormonal disorder causing excessive cortisol production. This can lead to increased urination and increased thirst. Dogs with Cushing’s may also develop other clinical signs such as a pot-bellied appearance, hair loss, and changes to their appetite.

Medications
Certain medications, such as diuretics or steroids, can increase urination in our furry friends. If your dog has recently started a new medication, be aware of possible side effects. Typically, these effects resolve when the medication is stopped.

Behavioral changes
Stress or anxiety in dogs can cause increased urination. Some dogs mark territory or display submissive urination due to stress. While there’s no physical issue, these behaviors should still be addressed.

Dietary changes
A sudden change in diet can lead to increased water intake and more frequent urination in dogs. If you are changing your dog’s diet, always consult your vet first. Changing dog food needs to be done gradually over a couple of weeks.

Increased water intake
If your dog is drinking more water, due to hot weather, increased exercise, or health issues, they will naturally urinate more frequently. Monitoring your dog’s water consumption for any significant changes can be helpful. If you can quantify the amount they are drinking then it's easier to track if it suddenly increases.

How much should dogs pee?

The frequency of urination in dogs depends on size, age, and overall health. Here are some guidelines to follow:

Puppies
Puppies typically need to pee every one to two hours due to their small bladder size. You can expect even more frequent urination during potty training as they gradually learn to control their urges to pee.

Adult dogs
Most adult dogs need to pee about three to five times a day. Factors such as size, breed, and activity level affect urination frequency. Lots of dogs like to pee on things when they are out and about on their walks such as lamp posts and trees. They do this to mark their territory. You may see your dog trying to urinate a lot on a walk but they do not need to pass pee on every occasion.

Senior Dogs
Senior dogs may need to urinate four to six times a day due to aging or health conditions affecting bladder control. You might want to read our guide on how to stop your dog peeing around the house.

When should I be concerned about my dog peeing?

You should be concerned about your dog’s urination habits if you notice:

Increased frequency: If your dog is urinating more than usual (see above guidelines), it could indicate diabetes, kidney disease, Cushing's disease, or an infection.

Decreased urine output: If your dog strains to urinate but produces little to no urine, they may have a urinary blockage, which is a medical emergency.

Pain or discomfort when urinating: If your dog seems in pain while peeing, it could be a sign of a UTI or other urinary issue. Consult your vet if you notice this behavior.

Straining to urinate: Difficulty in urinating can indicate a urinary blockage such as urinary stones or infection.

Blood in urine: Blood or unusual urine color and odor can be signs of a possible infection or serious health issues such as bladder stones or cancer.

Accidents: If your dog starts leaking urine unexpectedly or having accidents in the house, while they are sleeping, at rest, or moving around, you need your vet to investigate why this is occurring. It could just be aging changes but it can also be a sign of a medical condition. We also have a helpful feature on incontinence in dogs.

Excessive licking of genitals: If your dog excessively licks their genital area, this can be a sign of a UTI or other urinary tract problem requiring veterinary attention.

You might also want to read: Why does my dog pee on my bed? Or, can dogs use cat litter?

Vomiting in dogs is very common, and it can be a sign of lots of things, from mild to serious. Some dogs will vomit once and then seem fine afterward, while others will vomit regularly. Some dogs will be fine all their lives and then become really ill with vomiting. The consistency of the vomitus and what it includes, as well as other symptoms your pet is experiencing, can all be clues as to what’s causing it.

I’ve been a vet for over eight years, and in that time, I’ve seen hundreds of cases of vomiting dogs. Some have just eaten something they shouldn’t have and are right as rain in a day or two, while for others, it’s the first sign of something more serious going on.

Below, we’ll go over what causes vomiting in dogs, and some of the common treatments your dog might need.

What are the causes of dog vomiting?

Vomiting is one of the most common symptoms dogs can experience, meaning there are lots and lots of potential causes. Some will be more or less likely depending on your dog’s age, personality, and other symptoms they’re experiencing, but in many cases, your vet will need to do testing to work out what’s wrong. Let’s look at some of the potential causes of vomiting in dogs so you can start figuring out what’s wrong.

1. Dietary indiscretion or sudden diet change

Dietary indiscretion is vet-speak for ‘eaten something they shouldn’t have’ whether it’s old pizza or next door’s cat poop. Sudden diet change can have the same effect. It usually comes with diarrhea and clears up after a couple of days. It’s not serious, as long as they don’t get too dehydrated in the meantime.

2. Allergies and intolerances

If your dog regularly vomits, has loose stools, itches, gets ear infections, or suffers from borborygmi (the sound of a dog’s stomach gurgling) then they might have a dietary allergy. Don’t just switch their diet though – you’ll need to do a proper diet trial under advice from your vet to get a diagnosis. To learn more about food allergies in dogs, this expert's guide can help.

3. Medication reactions

Vomiting can be due to a reaction to a new medication. If your pet has recently started a new medication, look at the package insert or call your vet to see if vomiting is a known reaction. Your vet will be able to advise whether your pet should continue the medication or not.

4. Bilious vomiting syndrome

With bilious vomiting, dogs who are otherwise well, vomit yellow, foamy fluid in the early hours of the morning or when they’ve not eaten for a while. It’s more common in dogs fed once a day and is thought to be related to nausea from having an empty stomach. Increasing feeding to twice daily usually solves the problem.

5. Motion sickness

Yes, dogs can get motion sick! If they show fear in the car, drool a lot, or vomit during or shortly after travel, then it’s probably motion sickness. You can talk to your vet about tablets for dog travel sickness, and some training to reduce car fear can help too.

6. Worms and other parasitic infections

With heavy worm burdens or certain parasitic infections, dogs can vomit. You may see worms in the vomit, but an absence of worms doesn’t mean parasites aren’t the cause. Your vet can do a worm egg count or prescribe a wormer if worms are a likely cause of your dog’s vomiting. We've also written a helpful guide on how to treat a dog with worms.

7. Toxin ingestion

Dogs often eat things they shouldn’t, and toxic foods like chocolate and some mushrooms are no exception. Vomiting is one of the most common signs of poisoning in dogs, so if there’s a chance your dog could have gotten into something toxic, you should call your vet immediately to discuss. Here are 32 foods that dogs should never eat.

8. Bowel obstruction

A bowel obstruction caused by a foreign object (like a sock, mushed-up stick, or small ball) is another reason dogs might vomit. This one can be fatal if not treated, and it’s one of the reasons it’s always best to get a vet to take a look at your vomiting dog rather than risk it getting worse.

9. Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis in dogs is a relatively common cause of vomiting where the pancreas (a digestive organ) becomes inflamed. It’s very painful, and most dogs will feel very sorry for themselves, be off their food, and be vomiting. Dogs with suspected pancreatitis need treatment at a vet.

10. Liver or kidney problems

Kidney and liver problems are another cause of vomiting in dogs. You might also see diarrhea in dogs, drinking and urinating more, or inappetence alongside the vomiting. Again, this cause of vomiting in dogs needs vet attention, stat!

11. Parvovirus and other viral infections

Many viral infections can cause vomiting, including the three we vaccinate against most – parvovirus, hepatitis, and distemper. If your dog’s vaccinations are incomplete or are overdue, it’s important to consider one of these three viral infections as potential causes of dog vomiting.

12. Cancer

Unfortunately, cancer is always a potential cause of just about any symptom. Tumors in the GI tract causing blockages, tumors producing hormones causing nausea, and tumors causing pancreas, kidney or liver problems are all strong candidates for dogs vomiting in their senior years.

When should you be concerned about your dog throwing up?

In general, it’s best to take your dog to your vet for vomiting if they:

• Are depressed, lethargic or unwell in themselves
• Can’t keep food or water down
• Are under 12 months old
• Have been vomiting for more than 24 hours
• Have other symptoms that are concerning for some of the more serious diseases listed above
• Are not fully vaccinated

Of course, I can’t cover every eventuality, so I always advise you to schedule a visit with your vet if you are concerned for any reason – your gut instinct is often reliable in these cases!

How is vomiting in dogs diagnosed?

Your vet will take your pet’s history by asking you questions like how long the vomiting has gone on for, any other symptoms your pet has, and what they’re behavior is like at home. They’ll then perform a clinical exam, which is where they’ll check your dog over - looking at their gums, checking for dehydration, and feeling their abdomen.

Depending what they note, they might recommend testing. Blood tests are usually a good place to start, with imaging (ultrasound or x-ray) a common second. The results might find an answer or they might need even more tests, but your vet will advise you of each stage as they go. In some cases, even with testing, the cause of your dog’s illness won’t be found – this can be frustrating, but as long as your dog is recovering then it isn’t usually something to worry about.

How to treat vomiting in dogs

It’s not a good idea to treat vomiting in dogs at home unless you’re 100% confident the cause was dietary indiscretion and your dog is healthy, not dehydrated, and not unwell in themselves.

In this case, you can continue to offer little and often food (stick to their usual diet to avoid further upset or tempt them to eat with a small piece of cooked boneless chicken) and wait out the vomiting, looking out carefully for signs of deterioration. Outdated advice often says to starve your dog for 24 hours before offering food again – this is no longer recommended.

Otherwise, it’s best to head to a vet, who will advise on appropriate treatment. Your dog might be given an injection to stop them vomiting and help them feel less nauseous.

If the vomiting is more severe, they may need to be hospitalized for an intravenous drip, antibiotics, pain relief, and anti-vomiting medications. Again, your vet will be happy to explain their advice at every stage.

Vomiting in dogs is one of the most common symptoms we vets see, and it has a lot of potential causes. In general, it’s best to see your vet for help working out what’s causing your dog’s vomiting, as so many of the conditions are serious. Your vet will be happy to explain their testing and treatment recommendations as they go.

You might also be wondering: Is my dog sick? and Can dogs get sick from humans?

Frostbite in dogs is a serious condition. It occurs when the skin and underlying tissues are exposed to freezing or extremely cold temperatures for a prolonged period of time. It can be a life-threatening emergency if it is not treated promptly.

Any dog can develop frostbite, but our furry friends with short coats and those living in harsh winter conditions are at a higher risk. Owners must be aware of the dangers of this condition and how to keep their canine companions safe. There are lots of ways to keep your dog warm this winter, like investing in one of the best heated pet beds or one of the best dog coats.

Below, expert vet Dr. Emma Chandley has explained the causes, symptoms, and treatment of frostbite in dogs. Emma is a practicing vet with over 13 years of experience in small animal surgery and medicine and she has been a dog owner her entire life.

What is frostbite in dogs?

Frostbite in dogs is a condition that occurs when the skin and underlying tissues freeze due to extended exposure to cold temperatures. It is a medical emergency that can lead to tissue damage and even loss of parts of the body if it is not treated promptly.

When the temperature goes below freezing (32°F or 0°C), your dog's body tries to preserve heat and stay warm by narrowing the blood vessels near the skin. This helps keep the blood flowing to the important parts of the body. If your dog is exposed to low temperatures for a long period of time, this protective mechanism backfires to a certain extent as the blood flow is restricted to the extremities.

The combination of a lack of blood flow and exposure to the extreme cold means that the tissues can freeze. This causes severe injury to the tissues and if left untreated it can cause irreversible damage. Frostbite is most likely to happen in parts of the body that are far away from the heart and that have a large surface area exposed.

Causes of frostbite in dogs

Frostbite is caused by prolonged exposure to extremely cold temperatures. When your dog is placed in these conditions for too long, blood flow is reduced to the extremities and frostbite occurs.

There are a few factors that can influence the development of frostbite, these include:

• Medical conditions that affect blood flow in any way such as heart disease and diabetes in dogs.
• The size of the dog – smaller dogs are more likely to be affected due to their surface area to volume ratio.
• Dogs with shorter fur are more vulnerable as they have less insulation.
• Dogs with wet fur will develop frostbite faster.
• Elderly or very young dogs are more at risk as both these ages often struggle to produce and maintain body heat.
• Dogs with lower body fat are more likely to develop frostbite as they have less insulation.
• Dogs that spend long periods of time outdoors during cold periods are at a higher risk.

How to prevent frostbite in dogs

Tips for preventing frostbite in dogs include:

• Monitor for signs of frostbite: Owners should be able to recognize the initial signs of frostbite and keep checking regularly for them. Signs include pale or bluish skin, coldness to the touch, and stiffness or swelling.
• Protect exposed areas: You can use pet-safe paw balm and dog boots to help protect your dog’s paws from the cold.
• Shelter: Make sure your dog always has a place to shelter and access to a warm, dry area during cold weather.
• Limit outdoor exposure: When the temperature drops to below-freezing levels, it's best to keep your dog indoors or limit outdoor time to short periods.
• Coats: Consider using one of the best dog coats or sweater to provide additional warmth.

How do you know if your dog has frostbite?

It's important that owners are able to recognize the signs of frostbite as soon as they start to develop. Frostbite can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

Here are some common signs of frostbite in dogs:

• Discoloration of an area – usually pale with a bluish tinge. This sign is most noticeable in areas such as the ears, paws, tail, and nose.
• Pain when touching the affected area – here are the signs a dog is in pain.
• Stiffness of the affected area..
• Swelling of the affected area
• Blisters or sores on the skin of the affected area.
• Licking or chewing the affected area.
• Black/unusual dark skin and dead tissue.

If you see any of these signs it's very important to seek veterinary attention immediately. Early treatment and intervention can help prevent further damage and complications.

How to treat frostbite in dogs

If you suspect that your dog has frostbite, you should take them to your vet immediately. Do not try to treat at home as it is very easy to cause further damage if parts of the body are heated up too quickly.

You can keep your dog warm by wrapping them in a towel or blanket. Do not rub the skin or try to warm your dog with a direct heat source such as a hair dryer. This can do more damage than good.

Your vet will examine your dog and treat them accordingly. If they have frostbite, they may be suffering from hypothermia and shock too, these need to be addressed quickly.

Your vet will start to gradually heat up the frostbitten areas. This can be extremely painful so usually, they will give a painkiller to help your dog cope.

Often antibiotics are required to treat secondary bacteria infections. If there is a lot of dead tissue the skin can become infected easily. In severe cases, if there has been lots of damage to the affected body part, surgery may be required to remove dead tissue. In extremely bad cases, amputation is necessary.

How long does it take for a dog to get frostbite?

The amount of time it takes for your doggo to develop frostbite depends on factors such as their breed, size, and general health status, as well as the severity of the cold and exposure to wind and moisture.

In extremely cold conditions, even a short period of exposure can be enough to cause frostbite. In these circumstances, it can develop in as little as 15 minutes. In less severe conditions, it can occur over hours or days.

In areas of higher altitude, frostbite may develop quicker due to a decreased amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

You might also want to read: Do dogs get cold? What temperature is too cold to walk your dog? or Can dogs get a cold or flu?

For many of us, it’s getting to the time of year when we get more rain – and puddles and mud on the ground.

While the weather can make us feel more tempted to stay at home, our dogs still need walking on the best dog leashes and outdoor cats will still want to explore their territory, so we might find we have some rather wet pets to contend with!

Whether your cat has been having a nice lie down in the wet grass or your dog has been splashing around in muddy puddles on their walk, it’s important to make sure you dry your pet properly, says vet Aimee Warner at Waggel.

This is both to make sure your home doesn’t get any bad smells and to ensure your furry friends stay happy and healthy – while her advice is targeted more at dogs, it’s worth keeping in mind for our feline companions, too.

“Not drying your dog properly post-walk can lead to a variety of issues such as skin conditions, ear infections, and matting,” explains Warner. “All of these cause discomfort and can also have a significant impact on our pets' overall health and happiness.”

Can I go for a dog walk in the rain? If you’re asking yourself that question, the answer is certainly yes, but it’s important to keep your dog’s health at the forefront of your mind.

Our pets, particularly dogs with thick or long coats, can retain moisture close to their skin if we don’t dry them properly. Bacteria and fungi can thrive here, which might lead to infections like hot spots, or acute moist dermatitis. And when Malassezia, a type of fungi grows, it can lead to a yeast infection in dogs – which can cause itching, redness, and an unpleasant odor, potentially leaving you with large vet bills, too.

Even without bacterial and fungal infections, constant exposure to moisture can lead to irritation, itchiness, and discomfort. If your pet scratches or bites the areas affected, there’s the potential for secondary infections.

Meanwhile, wet fur that isn’t dried and brushed properly can become matted, tugging at the skin and causing irritation and hotspots. In some cases, it can limit air circulation, which may make skin problems worse.

And hypothermia is another concern. Particularly as the weather gets colder, a wet dog could see their body temperature drop if they aren’t dried properly. This may lead to hypothermia, weakening the immune system and leaving the skin more vulnerable to infections.

“To prevent these issues,” Warner sums up, “It's important to thoroughly dry your dog after wet walks or baths, paying attention to areas where moisture can be trapped, such as between the toes, under the belly and armpits, and around the ears.”

And how cold is too cold for dogs in winter? Find out here, and if the weather really is too unpleasant and unsafe for your pup, these indoor games for dogs will keep your canine companion amused for hours.

Shaker syndrome in dogs is a condition that primarily affects small breeds and can be very concerning for owners.

When your dog is shaking or shivering more than normal, it can be tempting to dismiss this behavior as temperature-based or even attention-seeking, but it’s important to take these symptoms seriously.

Shaking is one of the ways dogs express their discomfort, often involuntarily, and can be a symptom of poisoning or neurological problems. That's why you should take your dog to the vet, especially if they start shaking suddenly. I spoke to vet Dr. Kelly Hood, who also represents Pet Portraits, to hear her expertise on shaker syndrome in dogs, and what pet parents should be looking out for.

What is shaker syndrome in dogs?

Shaker syndrome can be frightening for you and your pet to experience, but what exactly is going on?

“Shaker syndrome, also called steroid-responsive tremor syndrome or white dog shaker syndrome, is a condition that mainly affects small breed dogs,” says Dr. Hood. “It causes tremors in the whole body and are often worse when the dog is excited or trying to move. We’re unsure of what causes it but it seems to be an issue with the dog’s immune system and inflammation in the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls movement).”

What are the symptoms of shaker syndrome in dogs?

There is some overlap between symptoms of shaker syndrome and your dog shaking for other reasons, but all should be checked out by a vet. If your dog is shaking out of fear, pain, or because they experience anxiety your vet should be able to help. So, what does shaker syndrome look like?

“The main sign is full body tremors, especially in the head, neck and legs. Dogs may also seem unsteady on their feet and have trouble walking normally,” says Dr. Hood. “In severe cases, the shaking can make it difficult for the dog to eat or drink.”

To learn about the other signs a dog is in pain, this guide can help you.

How do you treat shaker syndrome in dogs?

“Vets usually treat shaker syndrome with immunosuppressive medications like corticosteroids. This helps bring down the inflammation in the brain. Mild cases may get better on their own without much treatment. However, dogs with more severe tremors often need long-term medication to control the symptoms,” says Dr. Hood. “Owners need to work closely with their vets to find the right treatment plan for their dog.”

With the right treatment, your dog’s symptoms should be reduced and within two weeks they should resolve. Your vet is likely to then try tapering your dog off the immunosuppressant medication to see how they respond. If symptoms reoccur, they will work on a suitable long-term treatment plan.

What causes shaker syndrome in dogs?

Dr. Hood says: “We don’t fully understand what causes shaker syndrome, but it seems to be an autoimmune issue where the body attacks its own healthy brain tissue.

"Small breed dogs like Maltese, Poodles and West Highland Terriers are more prone to developing it. It’s very likely that there’s a genetic component, so unfortunately there’s not much owners can do to prevent it. I’d say your best bet is catching it early and getting the right treatment.”

If you have a breed that is more prone to shaker syndrome in dogs, talk to your vet about the symptoms you should look out for and any worries you have surrounding your dog’s welfare and health. They will be able to reassure you and provide an effective contingency plan if your dog does begin to develop symptoms.

How is shaker syndrome in dogs diagnosed?

“Diagnosing it involves ruling out other possible causes of tremors, like neurological problems or exposure to toxins,” says Dr. Hood. The vet will do a thorough exam, ask about the dog’s medical history, and may recommend tests like bloodwork or imaging. Sometimes your vet will even try a trial of steroid medication to see if that helps confirm the diagnosis.”

It is important to take your dog to the vet with sudden onset tremors, as this can be a symptom of something dangerous and fast-acting like the consumption of poison.

You might also want to read about anxiety in dogs.

Treating collapsing trachea in dogs can be a daunting prospect for owners. Tracheal collapse occurs when the windpipe becomes flattened and the airflow in and out of the lungs is obstructed. The rings of cartilage that support the windpipe lose their strength and become floppy and weak. Gradually the condition will get worse as the windpipe keeps getting flatter. Factors such as genetics, age, injuries, allergies, and diet are thought to contribute to its development.

In this article, I will explain what tracheal collapse is, what symptoms to look out for, and the treatment options available. I'm a practicing vet with over 13 years of experience in small animal surgery and medicine, and have been a dog owner my entire life.

What is a collapsing trachea in dogs?

Your dog's trachea, or windpipe as it is commonly known, is a vital part of their respiratory system. It carries air from the mouth and nose all the way to the lungs. It is made up of rings of cartilage that form a tube-like structure. The cartilage helps to hold the trachea open and prevent it from collapsing.

A collapsing trachea is a chronic medical condition that affects the windpipe. The supporting cartilage becomes weakened and the trachea flattens and collapses on itself, especially when your dog is breathing in.

The airflow in and out of the lungs is obstructed, leading to clinical signs associated with the condition. These include wheezing, coughing, and breathing difficulties. Dogs will often let out a characteristic dry harsh cough that is frequently described as a ‘goose honking’.

Tracheal collapse is more commonly seen in toy and miniature breeds of dogs, according to MSD Vet Manual. Tracheal collapse can be classified into different grades depending on the severity of the condition. Grade 1 is considered to be mild, with 25% collapse experienced, whereas Grade 4 is severe with 100% collapse present.

Symptoms of tracheal collapse in dogs

It is important for owners to be able to identify the symptoms of tracheal collapse. Symptoms can be tricky to spot in the early stages. Some of the signs are very subtle and as the condition gets worse, they may become more obvious.

The first sign owners will usually report is coughing fits. The coughing is often exacerbated by exercise, eating and drinking, and anxiety or excitement.

Typical clinical signs include:

• Coughing
• Heavy/ fast breathing
• Wheezing/whistling when breathing
• Lethargy in dogs
• Exercise intolerance
• Fainting episodes
• Blue tinge to gums (cyanosis)

If you see any of these symptoms at home or out and about with your dog, it is very important to take them to your vet to have them checked out.

How to treat tracheal collapse in dogs

Diagnosis is made by performing a thorough clinical exam initially. Your vet will assess your dog for signs of respiratory issues such as breathing difficulties, wheezing, and coughing. They will feel your dog’s trachea to try and identify any abnormalities.

Further diagnostic tests such as chest x-rays and examination of the trachea using an endoscope are often carried out. In some cases, fluoroscopy is used which is a type of x-ray that allows for real-time moving images of the trachea to be taken while your dog breaths in and out. Other tests to rule out other conditions such as heart disease or parasites may be carried out too depending on the case.

Once a diagnosis is made, the tracheal collapse is then given a grade. Treatment will be determined by the severity of clinical signs present and any other underlying health issues your dog has.

Mild cases are usually treated with medications. These can include:

• Cough suppressants: These help by reducing inflammation and irritation from coughing.
• Bronchodilators: These can be used to open up the airways to allow more oxygen in. They may also be useful in clearing mucous and helping the diaphragm contract. These can be given in pill form or inhaled.
• Corticosteroids: These have strong anti-inflammatory properties. They are often used to reduce inflammation in the airways. They can be given in pill form or inhaled.

It is important to note that these medications are very useful in managing the symptoms of tracheal collapse and improving your furry friend’s quality of life. However, none of them will cure the disease.

More severe cases will require surgical management. Your vet may decide to perform surgery where a stent is inserted into the airway. This acts to prop the airway open and prevent it from collapsing. Another option is to reinforce the trachea from the outside by placing plastic rings around it.

There are plenty of things owners can do at home to help their canine companions:

• Use the best dog harness instead of a collar to prevent too much pressure from being put on your dog's windpipe.
• Ensure your dog does not put on excess weight. If they are overweight, speak to your vet about safely reducing their calorie intake.
• Never smoke around your pet.
• Make sure your home is always well-ventilated

It is important to remember that you must seek vet attention straight away if you see any signs of tracheal collapse. If the condition is left untreated, it can get worse over time causing serious complications for your doggo.

Dogs with untreated tracheal collapse are often subject to weight loss, exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, and heart failure.

Are dogs with collapsed trachea suffering?

Sadly dogs with tracheal collapse can experience significant suffering. Breathing difficulties, exercise intolerance, and chronic coughing can all have a negative impact on their quality of life. The good news is, that with good management, they can go on to have a normal life expectancy.

Tracheal collapse itself does not usually shorten a dog’s lifespan, and if dogs receive prompt treatment they can have an acceptable quality of life. This is why it is so important to consult your vet if you are worried your dog has tracheal collapse. Early diagnosis is a key factor to help manage the condition and improve your furry friends well being.

You might also want to read: Why is my dog coughing?

Liver shunts in dogs occur when veins that usually carry blood to the liver bypass the organ via an abnormal vessel. They can be tricky to deal with and cause some serious health issues if left untreated. Some of our canine companions are born with them, and others develop them later in life.

The symptoms of liver shunts can vary widely, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving the quality of life and lifespan of affected dogs.

I'm a practicing vet with over 13 years of experience in small animal surgery and medicine and have been a dog owner my entire life. In this feature, I'll explain what a liver shunt is and how to treat it.

What is a liver shunt in dogs?

A liver shunt in dogs, also known as a portosystemic shunt (PSS), is a condition where blood bypasses the liver. Usually, blood from the digestive tract will flow through the liver before returning to the heart. In dogs with a liver shunt, some of this blood bypasses the liver, preventing it from filtering toxins and nutrients. This can cause toxins and waste to build up in the body, which can lead to serious health issues. There are two types of liver shunts found in dogs:

• Congenital Shunts: These are present from birth. They are typically caused by a malformation of the blood vessel (or vessels) that connect the portal system which drains the digestive tract to the systemic system which goes to the rest of the body.
• Acquired Shunts: These develop over time and often occur due to liver disease or other underlying conditions. Often it is conditions that raise the blood pressure in the veins that connect the digestive tract to the liver which brings about an acquired liver shunt.

Liver shunts in dogs are not particularly common. Most seen in our furry friends are congenital. It is rarer to see acquired shunts from liver disease or other systemic problems.

Unfortunately, liver shunts can significantly affect a dog’s life expectancy. Factors such as the underlying cause, how severe the shunt is, and the effectiveness of treatment all influence how long a dog with a liver shunt will live.

Symptoms of liver shunt in dogs

Dogs with liver shunts usually display a combination of certain clinical signs, these include:

• Dog losing weight
• Reduced appetite
• Sudden appetite for eating unusual things
• Poor growth (seen with congenital shunts)
• Increase in thirst
• Increased urination
• Vomiting - sometimes with blood present
• Diarrhea - sometimes blood in dog stool
• Struggling to urinate and/or passing blood in urine
• Lethargy in dogs
• Behavioral changes - staring into space, circling, head pressing
• Seizures

If you notice any of these signs at home, however subtle, it is very important to take your dog to your vet to have them checked out.

Treatment for liver shunt in dogs

The good news is that liver shunts can be treated. The best treatment depends on several different factors including your dog’s age, their overall health status, how severe their symptoms are, and what type of shunt is present.

Surgery is the preferred treatment for the majority of dogs with congenital shunts. The surgery can vary greatly depending on how many abnormal blood vessels there are outside of the liver. Some are relatively straightforward with one vessel outside and some can be very complicated with multiple shunts. The aim of the surgery is to block the abnormal vessels and push the blood flow back through the liver. This can be achieved using various techniques, such as:

• Ameroid constrictors: This is a stainless steel ring with a casein center that gradually swells, causing a narrowing of the blood vessel. This slowly closes the shunt and allows the body to adjust over a period of time.
• Cellophane bands: These work in a similar way to the ameroid constrictors. They cause the blood vessels to close slowly over an extended period of time.
• Suture: A piece of suture material can be placed around the shunt.
• Hydraulic occluder: This is a silicone cuff that is placed around the vessel. It causes compression when inflated. The cuff can also be deflated to reverse the occlusion.

In some cases, surgery may not be a safe or suitable option, but medical management can help to improve a dog’s quality of life. Lots of cases require medical management alongside surgery.

Management options include:

• Antibiotics: These can help to reduce gut bacteria, which can decrease the amount of ammonia produced. This is beneficial as ammonia is a toxic substance that can build up in the blood and cause something called hepatic encephalopathy. This is a dangerous neurological condition associated with liver shunts. Antibiotics can also be prescribed to treat any underlying infections.
• Lactulose: This is an indigestible sugar that can help to lower the pH of the gut therefore making it less of a friendly environment for bacteria that produce ammonia. Lactulose can also promote stool passage which can help to eliminate toxins.
• Dietary changes: Feeding our doggos a low-protein diet can reduce the amount of ammonia produced by the body. It has been suggested in recent research that soy protein may be a healthier option than meat-based protein. Feeding smaller meals more frequently can also be beneficial.
• Enemas: In some cases, enemas can be used to flush out feces and bacteria from the colon.

How can owners help at home?

The best way to help dogs with a liver shunt is to keep in close contact with your vet and attend all appointments and check ups. Always give the correct medication using the correct dosage. Always keep a close eye on your doggo to check for signs the condition is worsening such as vomiting, lethargy or seizures. Try to keep your dog in a quiet and calm environment to reduce stress for them. Reduce exposure to loud noises or sudden changes in routine wherever possible.

Causes of liver shunt in dogs

Causes of liver shunts are either congenital or acquired.

Congenital shunts are present from birth and are caused by a developmental abnormality. Sadly there is no definitive way to prevent congenital liver shunts, these are due to genetic defects.

Acquired shunts are less common. They develop later in our furry friend's life and are down to conditions that affect the liver such as injuries, increased blood pressure, hepatitis, and cirrhosis of the liver. The good news is there are ways to reduce the risk of acquired shunts in some cases:

• Feeding a healthy diet: A balanced and nutritious diet will help to keep your furry friend in top condition and it can even help support liver health therefore reducing the risk of liver disease.
• Regular health check-ups: Keeping up to date with your doggos health check ups will mean your vet can keep a close eye on them to ensure they have a clean bill of health. Regular visits mean your vet will be able to detect early signs of liver disease and address potential underlying causes. Keeping up to date with annual vaccinations, worming and flea treatment is important too.
• Prevent exposure to toxins: Wherever possible, avoid exposing your furry friend to toxins in their environment.

Although all owners should do everything to keep their furry friends as healthy as possible, there is no guarantee that their dog will not go on to develop a shunt despite their best efforts. If any worrying clinical signs such as weight loss, diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy or jaundice are noted, speak to your vet straight away. An early diagnosis and prompt treatment can often improve the prognosis for canine companions with liver shunts.

You might also want to read about dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs.

Cherry eye in dogs can be a concerning condition as it can look very angry and uncomfortable. Many animals have three sets of eyelids (so do humans, but ours are much smaller) and the tear gland in that third eyelid can become blocked in dogs (and rarely in cats).

This gland will then swell and pop out in front of their eyeball, leading to a red, cherry-like swelling that looks like an abscess. Dogs with looser skin around their eyes or shallower eye sockets seem to be more prone, and it tends to occur more often in dogs in their first year. If you're wondering, 'Why are my dog's eyes red?' this could be the answer.

I spoke to Dr. Kelly Hood, a vet who also represents Pet Portraits, and asked her what owners should look for and how this condition can be treated.

What is cherry eye in dogs?

“Cherry eye is a common eye condition in dogs where a gland in the third eyelid pops out and swells up, making it look like a red, swollen ‘cherry’ in the corner of the eye,” says Dr. Hood. “It can be kind of uncomfortable for the dog.”

If you’re familiar with the term, cherry eye is technically a prolapse of the third-lid gland. These prolapses can look like an abscesses, so it’s important to go to your vet and get your dog properly assessed to rule out other conditions.

What are the symptoms of cherry eye in dogs?

“The main sign is seeing the red, swollen mass in the lower corner of the dog’s eye. It may also cause eye irritation, resulting in lots of tearing with the dog squinting and seeming bothered by it,” says Dr. Hood.

When untreated, cherry eye can cause further issues for your pooch, such as conjunctivitis or corneal ulcers. Your dog needs the tear production of this little gland and will develop dry eyes if it is out of action. Blindness can result from these conditions so it is important to seek treatment as soon as you notice cherry eye developing.

How do you treat cherry eye in dogs?

“The typical treatment for cherry eye is surgery to put the gland back in its normal spot and keep it there. This usually works well, though it does require general anesthesia,” explained Dr. Hood. “In milder cases, your vet may first try other options like eye drops or temporary stitches to put the gland back. However, surgery is usually the best long-term fix. Surgical removal of the gland is not recommended as it could result in chronic dry eye.”

There is a risk that the same gland will prolapse again, but usually, if cherry eye reoccurs it will be in the second eye.

What causes cherry eye in dogs?

“We’re not totally sure what causes cherry eye, but it seems to be related to a weakness or defect in the tissue that holds the gland in place,” says Dr. Hood. “Certain breeds, like Bulldogs, Cocker Spaniels and Beagles are more prone to getting it or dogs that have shallow eye orbits in their heads.”

How is cherry eye in dogs diagnosed?

It is important to take your dog to the vet when you notice any issues with their eyes, as many untreated eye conditions can lead to blindness, which will be life-impacting for your dog. While the cherry eye is unlikely to cause blindness on its own, subsequent conditions caused by the cherry eye or infection might, so you must take your dog to the vet.

Dr. Hood says: “A vet exam is necessary for a definitive diagnosis and it’s usually pretty easy for vets to identify just by looking at the dog’s eye and seeing that distinctive red mass. They may do some other tests to check for things like infection but the appearance is the main diagnostic sign.

“It’s important to know that even though the condition is recognized by its distinctive appearance, a vet can rule out other potential causes and confirm the diagnosis, so always check with your vet."

You might also want to learn about eye discharge in dogs and the best pet insurance.

Glaucoma in dogs is a painful condition caused by high pressure within the eye. Two types of glaucoma can affect our canine companions: primary and secondary.

Glaucoma can lead to blindness if it is left untreated. There is no cure for glaucoma, but luckily there are management options using eye drops and other medications. It is a sad fact that most dogs with glaucoma will eventually go blind, however early detection of the disease and prompt treatment can help to maintain your dog’s vision for longer.

Owners must be able to identify the clinical signs to get their dogs the help they need as soon as possible. I'm a practicing vet with over 13 years of experience in small animal surgery and medicine. I've been a dog owner my entire life and in this feature, I'll give you the low down on glaucoma in dogs.

What is glaucoma in dogs?

Glaucoma is a serious eye condition that affects dogs. It occurs when there is an imbalance in the production and drainage of fluid in the eye, called aqueous humor. This buildup of fluid increases the pressure inside the eye, which can damage the optic disk and the retina.

Glaucoma can be classified in a few different ways. Glaucoma can be open angle or closed angle. Open-angle glaucoma develops gradually over time. It causes loss of vision. Closed-angle glaucoma is an acute condition that occurs very suddenly. It is extremely painful and distressing for dogs.

Glaucoma can be further classified as primary or secondary. Primary glaucoma is usually hereditary - this means it is passed down from dog to dog when they breed. Primary glaucoma is caused by an increase in the intraocular pressure in an otherwise healthy eye. It occurs due to an abnormality in the drainage system of the eye. It usually starts in one eye initially and eventually develops in the other.

Secondary glaucoma is caused by an underlying illness, injury, or health condition that prevents the fluid from draining out of the eye therefore causing an increase in pressure. Secondary glaucoma can affect any age or breed of dog.

Glaucoma can affect a dog’s sight in several ways. It can cause blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and eventually blindness if left untreated.

Glaucoma can significantly impact a dog's quality of life. Loss of vision can make it harder for dogs to navigate and interact with their environment. The pain associated with glaucoma can also cause distress and discomfort.

What are the symptoms of glaucoma in dogs?

Symptoms of glaucoma vary depending on the underlying cause. One or both eyes can be affected at any time. Glaucoma can develop very suddenly, or it can be a gradual process with only subtle symptoms at first. Typically symptoms include:

• Pain in the eyes
• Eye discharge in dogs/weeping from eyes
• Holding eyes shut/squinting
• Clouding over eyes
• Swollen eyes
• Aversion to bright lights
• Scratching at eyes
• Redness/bloodshot eyes
• Changes in pupil size
• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy in dogs
• Blindness

It is very important to arrange a trip to the vet to have your dog checked out as soon as possible if any of these symptoms are spotted at home.

What are the causes of glaucoma in dogs?

In a normal, healthy eye, there is fluid present called aqueous humor. This is a clear watery liquid that nourishes the lens and the cornea. It also helps to maintain the shape of the eye. This fluid continually flows in and out of the eye. In a dog with glaucoma, there is an obstruction and the fluid is prevented from draining out as normal.

Glaucoma is a complex condition. Here are some of the more common factors that contribute to its development:

• Genetics: Some breeds of dogs are genetically predisposed to developing glaucoma. It is often a hereditary condition.
• Age: Older dogs are more likely to develop glaucoma. As our dogs get older they experience aging changes which can affect their eyes.
• Uveitis: Inflammation within the eye (uveitis) can cause blockage of the drainage pathways in the eye, contributing to glaucoma.
• Infections: Some infections can also lead to increased pressure in the eye and affect drainage.
• Injuries: Any sort of trauma to the eye can increase the risk of glaucoma developing.
• Cancer: Some tumors affect the eye or the tissues surrounding it that can block the drainage pathways which allows the intraocular pressure to build up.
• Underlying disease: Other health issues such as kidney disease or diabetes can contribute to the development of glaucoma.
• Idiopathic: In some cases, the exact cause of glaucoma is not identified. This is called idiopathic glaucoma.

Is there treatment for glaucoma in dogs?

The good news is that there are lots of treatment options for your dog. These will depend on how severe the glaucoma is and what the underlying cause is. Your vet will diagnose glaucoma by measuring the intra-ocular pressure and examining the eye using specialized instruments. Once they have made the diagnosis, your vet will try to decrease the intraocular pressure inside your dog’s eyes as fast as possible. This will reduce the risk of long-term damage to the structures in the eye that could result in blindness. Your vet will then treat any underlying health issues that may have caused glaucoma.

Severe cases of glaucoma are classed as a medical emergency. Emergency treatment will often involve strong pain relief to help your dog feel more comfortable. Your dog will also be prescribed anti-glaucoma medication that aims to promote drainage and reduce fluid production. Depending on how severe the situation is, they may need to stay in hospital for a good few days. They may also require an emergency referral to an eye specialist if things are really bad.

Once your vet has stabilized your furry friend, they will likely need long-term medication to keep their eye pressure at an acceptable level. This usually involves eye drops that owners can apply at home. Drugs may include beta-adrenergic blocking agents, prostaglandins, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. In some cases, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids can be prescribed as well to manage inflammation.

In some cases, surgery is indicated. There are various techniques that skilled surgeons can use to decrease intraocular pressure. In certain circumstances, if there is irreversible damage to the eye, or if the dog is in unmanageable pain, an enucleation procedure is performed where the eye is removed.

Unfortunately, glaucoma can cost a lot of money to treat and manage. The medications prescribed are expensive and usually require long-term use. Some options are cheaper than others so it is important to discuss everything with your vet to decide which treatments are most suitable for your furry friend and your financial situation.

Can a dog live with glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a challenging condition for both owners and their dogs. It is a painful and debilitating disease, however, dogs can have a good quality of life and be comfortable if the condition is identified early and managed appropriately.

The pain associated with glaucoma must be addressed. It can be extremely uncomfortable, especially before any treatment has been started. This is because the pressure in the eye can be very high at this point. This causes huge distress.

Once your vet has got the situation under control, there are lots of things owners can do at home to make things easier for their furry friends.

Top tips include:

• Establish a routine. Make sure everyone in the household knows when and how to administer medication so no doses are missed.
• Exercise your dog at quieter times to avoid any potentially stressful situations
• As much as possible, create a calm environment for your dog. Avoid sudden loud noises and keep lighting in rooms consistent.
• Ensure your dog has a quiet relaxing space they can retreat to at all times.
• Keep the layout of the home the same, don't move furniture about as your dog may have trouble bumping into things.

With good vet care, and some forward planning, dogs with glaucoma can live a long and happy life.

You might want to read about eye discharge in dogs.

If your precious family member has been diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs, you might feel worried about what it means for them. I’ve been a vet for eight years and dealt with my fair share of heartbreak and questions.

Dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs is common – in some breeds, as many as half of male dogs might be diagnosed. In the general population, it’s nearer one in 200 dogs, but that still means plenty of pets will get a diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy (aka DCM) this year.

In this article, I’ll go over all the major questions you’re likely to have about DCM so you can have easy access to the facts about this heart condition.

What is dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs?

Dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs is a heart disease where the heart becomes enlarged but less effective. First, the muscular walls of the heart become thinner and weaker. Then, blood builds up in the heart as they’re pumping less effectively. This blood build-up stretches the heart, causing it to enlarge, which can then cause problems with the heart’s electrical signals or the one-way valves in the heart.

Dilated cardiomyopathy is commonly called DCM for short, and it’s the second most common heart condition in dogs (after mitral valve disease). It’s thought to affect about one in 150 dogs but is much more common in certain breeds.

What causes dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs?

Dilated cardiomyopathy is mostly an inherited condition, appearing commonly in certain breeds and lines. One study found that purebred dogs were more than three times more likely to get DCM than mixed-breed dogs, with doberman pinschers, golden retrievers, boxers, great danes, Irish wolfhounds, weimeraners, and American cocker spaniels more commonly affected.

But canine dilated cardiomyopathy can also have other, non-genetic causes. It can be related to hypothyroidism, a chronically-fast heart rate, and infections of the heart muscle. DCM can also be diet-related, where it’s caused by nutrient deficiencies.

A few years ago, the FDA released a warning that they were investigating a link between grain-free dog foods and DCM. There seemed to be a rise in cases of non-genetically predisposed dogs getting dilated cardiomyopathy, some of which then got better when switched away from a grain-free/high-legume diet.

Despite some interesting small-scale and in-vitro studies, no link has yet been found, with the FDA planning not to add further updates unless things change. It’s a thorny issue, but in summary – we don’t know if grain-free/high-legume diets do cause DCM, or why this would be the case. That said, if your dog is a breed prone to DCM it would be worth bearing this in mind when choosing their diet.

What are the symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs?

Scarily, dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs often has no symptoms until it has progressed very far. Sadly, sudden death is sometimes the first time pet parents realize their dog has a problem. This is because what symptoms there are can be very subtle, and it doesn’t always produce a heart murmur for vets to pick up during a clinical exam.

When there are symptoms of DCM in dogs, you might see:

• A fast breathing rate at rest
• Lethargy, or unwillingness to exercise or play
• Change in attitude and behavior – quiet or aggressive
• Restless sleeping, struggling to get into a comfortable breathing position
• Dog losing weight
• Swollen belly (caused by fluid buildup)
• Coughing
• Collapse and fainting
• Sudden death

If you see the symptoms listed above, you should take your dog to the vet for a diagnosis. The symptoms of DCM are vague and overlap with several other conditions, but a vet is the best person to help you determine what’s wrong with your pet.

Because dilated cardiomyopathy can have no symptoms, it’s a good idea to get your dog screened regularly if they’re a prone breed, especially if you plan to breed from them.

How is dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs diagnosed?

Once at the vet’s, they’ll diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy in your dog with the following steps:

1. Clinical exam
The first step is a clinical exam, especially the auscultation of the lungs and heart. DCM doesn’t always cause a heart murmur, so this step might be negative, but it’s still an important check.

2. Blood tests
Blood tests are important to check heart biomarkers as well as the health of other organs. Your vet will take a small amount of blood from your pet’s neck, arm, or leg veins, which is then tested in the lab.

3. Echocardiogram
An ‘echo’ or heart ultrasound is the most important step for diagnosing DCM, as it allows the vet to visualize your dog’s heart and exactly what is going on. Not all vets can perform an echo, so you may be sent to a cardiologist or a sonographer for the exam. In most cases, your dog can be conscious for this exam.

4. X-rays
Sometimes x-rays (properly called radiographs) are needed as well to help vets visualize your dog’s heart size and shape, as well as any congestion in their lungs caused by their failing heart.

5. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
An ECG can be helpful, as it can identify abnormal heart electrical activity. If your vet doesn’t see any problems in-house, they might order a 24-hour ECG through a jacket your dog wears, enabling them to see very occasional problems with the heart.

Treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs

Unfortunately, there are no treatments that can reverse dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. However, some medications can help the heart to pump more effectively and reduce the symptoms of congestive heart failure. Common treatments for DCM in dogs include:

1. Pimobendan tablets
Pimobendan tablets help the heart to pump more effectively and are fairly safe.

2. ACE inhibitors (benazepril, enalapril etc)
ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by widening blood vessels, which makes it easier for the heart to pump.

3. Diuretics (furosemide, spironolactone etc)
When congestive heart failure starts, diuretics encourage the kidneys to get rid of excess fluid, reducing the blood pressure and the amount of fluid build-up in the chest.

4. Anti-arrhythmics
Anti-arrhythmic drugs are used to help heart electrical activity happen properly. Common types include atenolol and diltiazem.

Remember, the above treatments need prescribing by a vet and can be dangerous, so don’t change doses or stop medication without discussing it with them. Over time, it’s likely the doses of these medications will need to change to take into account your dog’s deteriorating heart condition, so it’s important to monitor them closely at home and return to your vet often if your dog has been diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs is the second most common heart disease in dogs, and is the most common in some breeds of dogs. It’s mostly inherited, but there are some other causes, including other diseases and even nutritional deficiencies. Unfortunately, once a dog has DCM it’s difficult or impossible to reverse the damage to their heart, especially as there can be no symptoms until the condition is severe. Treatment can help to reduce symptoms and slow the progression of heart disease, but it’s important to work closely with your vet.

You might also want to read: 32 common dog diseases.

A luxating patella in dogs is a fairly common orthopedic disease. But what do we mean by a luxating patella? And what does it mean for your dog if they have it?

I’ve been a vet for eight years and I’ve worked alongside specialists at two orthopedic clinics, so I’ve seen my fair share of luxating patellas. I also have a terrier, Pixie, who has patella problems but thankfully hasn’t needed surgery yet. I’ve just taken precautions to keep her as comfortable as possible (like getting her on the best joint supplement for dogs) and I’ll keep monitoring her for signs her patella needs operating on.

I know a fair bit about luxating patellas in dogs, but if your dog has just been diagnosed you’re probably feeling a bit confused. So, I’m going to explain luxating patella in dogs and make it easy to understand – here we go!

What is luxating patella in dogs?

‘Luxating’ means dislocating, and ‘patella’ is the kneecap, so a ‘luxating patella’ means a dislocating kneecap. As in humans, your dog’s kneecap is a bone that sits on the front of their knee. It actually sits inside a tendon that goes from the thigh bone over the top of the knee joint to the shin bone. When your dog’s knee bends, the patella runs up and down a smooth groove at the end of the thigh bone. This is an important part of the knee’s straightening function.

A dog with a luxating patella has a patella that sometimes pops out of the groove, ‘locking’ the knee and causing pain or instability. This happens because the groove is too shallow, the tendon is too loose, or the angle of the legs isn’t right, putting sideways tension on the patella tendon.

The kneecap ‘pops’ out to one side while the dog is using the leg, causing luxating patella symptoms. In about 90% of cases, the patella pops out to the middle of the leg (a ‘medial’ patella luxation or ‘MPL’) but sometimes (especially in larger breeds), it pops to the outside of the leg – a ‘lateral’ patella luxation or LPL.

What are the symptoms of luxating patella in dogs?

Luxating patella in dogs causes a very classic limp that all vets recognize. Dogs with a luxating patella will be using their limb normally, then they’ll start hopping, holding the problematic knee up. After a few hops, the patella pops back in and they’ll often walk completely normally again. The more severe the problem, the more frequently their patella pops out.

Untreated, a luxating patella can cause arthritis so you might also see other symptoms like stiffness, reluctance to use stairs, or licking the knee joints. These are all signs a dog is in pain.

What causes luxating patella in dogs?

Luxating patella is generally thought to be a genetic condition. It’s more common in some breeds of dog, such as the Pomeranian, Chihuahua, and Yorkshire Terrier, which have a five to six times higher chance of getting patella problems. Females are also more likely to get a luxating patella than males.

However, alongside genetics, it’s likely that early life experiences are related. Neutering may have a part to play, as neutered dogs are more likely to get a luxating patella, possibly due to delayed growth plate closure in dogs neutered before puberty. Exercise as they’re growing may also have an impact, and obesity is likely to play a part, too. Nutritional imbalance caused by a poor diet may also contribute to abnormal bone growth and patella weakness.

In other words, it’s not possible to completely prevent luxating patellas in dogs. But if you are buying a small-breed dog, ask about the parents’ patella history. Make sure the puppy has the right kind of diet and exercise to help their legs grow strong, and ask your vet about the benefits and risks of neutering at different ages for your dog’s breed and lifestyle to make an informed decision.

How do you treat a dog with a luxating patella?

If you suspect a luxating patella, it’s a good idea to get your dog examined by the vet. They’ll feel your dog’s knee and give the patella luxation a ‘grade’, which says how bad it is.

• Grade 1: Patella is mostly in place but can be forced out by a vet
• Grade 2: Patella occasionally dislocates by itself, but usually returns by itself
• Grade 3: Patella is permanently dislocated. It can be pushed back into place but springs back on its own
• Grade 4: Patella is permanently dislocated and impossible to replace

Depending on the grade, your dog’s symptoms, and the results of x-rays, your vet will advise whether the luxating patella needs treating. Luxating patella treatment involves surgery, which is often done by specialist orthopedic vets at referral practices. There are several techniques to help patella luxation in dogs, and your orthopedic vet might recommend:

• Deepening the groove in the thigh bone
• Cutting and repositioning the shin bone to pull the patella tendon tighter
• Cutting and repositioning other bones if they are very deformed
• Stitching the joint capsule tighter to reduce space for sideways movement

Pixie has a grade 2 patella, but it’s very mild and she hasn’t got classic x-ray results, so it makes it hard to know if surgery will help. Her vet recommended I don’t do surgery yet, but that she might need it in the future. He thinks there’s a high chance she’ll rupture her cruciate at some point, so it makes sense to do both operations at once if/when that happens.

How long can a dog live with a luxating patella?

A luxating patella isn’t fatal on its own, and dogs can live a full life with a mild luxating patella. Arthritis is a natural consequence of a luxating patella, and can cause dogs to be very painful, which may require euthanasia. When the patella luxation is more serious, dogs need surgery, and if that surgery can’t be performed then euthanasia may be needed. Even with surgery, it’s likely dogs will get early-onset arthritis and, again, keeping them comfortable can be difficult. But, overall, a luxating patella is not a life-limiting condition, and as long as they’re able to be kept comfortable, dogs can live into their old age with a luxating patella.

A luxating patella in dogs sounds complex, but it’s just a dislocating kneecap. Instead of smoothly moving up and down, the kneecap pops out of the groove it should sit in, causing pain and a classic limp. In some cases, it pops out so frequently that surgery is needed. In time, even with surgery, the knee is likely to become arthritic, which can compromise your dog’s welfare. If you think your dog has a luxating patella, talk to your vet who will help you understand your dog’s knee problems and whether they need surgery.

Von Willebrand disease in dogs is the most common inherited blood disorder our canine friends suffer with, and it also happens in humans and many other species. It’s a bleeding disorder – a failure of the blood to clot – with symptoms that can vary from mild to severe.

Luckily, von Willebrand Disease is rare enough that I haven’t had to deal with many dogs with the disorder in my eight years of being a vet, but I still keep a close lookout for it.

In this article, I’ll explain what von Willebrand Disease is and – if your dog is unlucky enough to have it – what the likely outcome will be. Just to reassure you though, that the most common form of von Willebrand disease in dogs is mild and has a near-normal life expectancy.

What is Von Willebrand disease in dogs?

Von Willebrand Disease (vWD) is an inherited blood clotting disorder, similar (but different to) hemophilia. It is known to affect dogs, humans, and many other species, but it’s not contagious – it’s genetic, with the type of inheritance pattern determined by the gene mutation that causes the problem.

When there’s an injury that’s bleeding, platelets gather at the site of the injury, forming a mesh to reduce the blood flow. Von Willebrand’s factor is a protein complex made up of several small and large proteins that together act like glue to hold the platelets together.

Dogs with von Willebrand’s Disease have a von Willebrand factor (vWF) deficiency. They don’t have enough of the proteins to hold their platelets together when they’re bleeding. The type of deficiency they have determines the ‘type’ of vWD they have – and therefore how serious the disease is.

Type 1 von Willebrand Disease in dogs

Type 1 von Willebrand Disease is the most common type, and also the mildest. It occurs when dogs have a mild deficiency in all the proteins making up their von Willebrand factor, but the proteins have a normal structure. These dogs may have no symptoms or have slow clotting that doesn’t cause major issues.

Type 2 von Willebrand Disease in dogs

Type 2 von Willebrand Disease happens when dogs have no large vWF proteins and have low levels of the smaller proteins. This can slow down clotting a lot, meaning these dogs can have severe bleeding episodes.

Type 3 von Willebrand Disease in dogs

Type 3 von Willebrand disease is when dogs have low or no von Willebrand factor at all – less than 1% of normal. This slows clotting significantly, meaning this is the most severe form of von Willebrand disease in dogs.

What dog breed is most affected by von Willebrand's disease?

Because von Willebrand Disease is a genetic defect, it’s inherited. However, inheritance patterns are complicated in vWD, with different genes mutations possible and different inheritance patterns for each. It’s thought that Type 1 vWD is incompletely dominant, while Type 2 and 3 vWD are recessive.

In terms of actual proportions, the dog breed most affected by von Willebrand Disease is the Doberman Pinscher, which tend to get Type I disease. Other dog breeds affected by von Willebrand include:

• Shetland Sheepdog (Type 1 and Type 3)
• German Shepherd Dog (Type 1)
• Standard Poodle (Type 1)
• Airedale (Type 1)
• Bernese Mountain Dog (Type 1)
• Golden Retriever (Type 1)
• Corgi (Type 1)
• Greyhound (Type 1)
• Schnauzer (Type 1)
• German Short-Haired Pointer (Type 2)
• German Wire-Haired Pointer (Type 2)
• Scottish Terrier (Type 3)
• Chesapeake Bay Retrievers (Type 3)

Other breeds have also been recorded to have von Willebrand disease, but these are usually sporadic and/or isolated cases.

What are the symptoms of von Willebrand disease in dogs?

Dogs with von Willebrand Disease can have a range of symptoms. Some dogs with the mild form of the disease can be asymptomatic for much of their lives until another disease pushes them into clinical symptoms. This is especially true if they aren’t neutered and haven’t had any injuries that would bleed. Most dogs, however, have symptoms in the first year or two of life, including:

• Bruising after surgery
• Slow to stop bleeding after an injury
• Excessive bleeding when the puppy teeth are lost
• Excessive bleeding during heats (seasons) or birth
• Spontaneous bleeding from the nose or mouth
• Bloody urine
• Bloody stool (see our blood in dog stool article for more information)
• Unexplained bruising
• Spotty dog gums (see our pale dog gums article for more information on what unhealthy gums look like)
• Uncontrollable bleeding during surgery or after injury, which may be fatal

How is von Willebrand disease in dogs diagnosed?

If your dog has any of the symptoms above, it’s sensible to talk to your vet, especially if your dog is listed in the susceptible breeds.

Your vet will have a suspicion of von Willebrand disease from your dog’s symptoms and history. A Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time test can help to confirm slow clotting – a standardized tool makes a small incision in your dog’s gums, and your vet times how long it takes to stop bleeding.

If this test confirms that clotting time is abnormal in your dog, your vet may recommend a von Willebrand factor assay – a test to measure the amount of von Willebrand factor your dog has in their blood. The result is given as a percentage of normal. Less than 70% is considered affected, and less than 50% is likely to cause symptoms. Dogs with Type 3 vWD have values of 1% or less.

DNA tests can also tell whether your dog has vWD, whether they’re unaffected, or whether they’re a carrier somewhere in the middle – unaffected but able to pass on dodgy genes. However, it’s important to remember that the relationship between genes and disease is complicated – testing your dog’s percentage of von Willebrand factor helps to determine if your dog is likely to be symptomatic for the disease.

Before breeding, owners of affected breeds should consider a the best DNA dog test to determine whether either parent carries a von Willebrand gene. The same von Willebrand factor assay above can also give an indication of how affected a dog is, and how likely they are to pass on a bad gene.

What is the best treatment for von Willebrand disease in dogs?

Canine von Willebrand Disease can’t be treated as it is a genetic disorder, but we can help manage the risk of a bleed, and treat that bleed aggressively if it happens. This means avoiding rough play, being careful clipping nails, and monitoring your dog closely for bruising or bleeding. Injuries will need to be treated rapidly, with skin glue and bandages used to help staunch the flow of blood, and plasma transfusions if the bleeding isn’t stopping.

It’s also important to let your veterinary practice know if your dog has von Willebrand Disease. If dogs are known to have vWD, it may limit their options for treatment of other conditions, as there are several medications that dogs may not be able to have if they’ve got vWD, for example:

• Aspirin
• Heparin
• Some antibiotics
• NSAIDS

Having von Willebrand Disease also means that surgery is a lot more risky, and it should be avoided in any dogs with symptoms. If surgery is needed, dogs will need to be transfused with plasma products, which contain the proteins necessary to help stop bleeding. This can be very effective, but the effect only lasts about four hours before wearing off, so it isn’t a long-term option.

You might see a hormone called desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) mentioned when reading about treating von Willebrand Disease in dogs. DDAVP is only a temporary solution, as it only lasts for about two hours and long-term use of this hormone causes side effects.

What’s the prognosis for dogs with von Willebrand disease?

Despite the lack of good treatment options, most dogs with Type 1 vWD will have a normal life expectancy, unless they’re unlucky enough to have a severe injury or a disease that requires risky surgical treatment. Dogs with Type 2 and Type 3 vWD may also make it to old age, but the more severe their disease the less likely they can be kept safe enough to prevent bleeds.

At-home dog DNA tests mean that more people are aware of their dog’s vWD status than before. While it’s sensible to limit risky activities for these dogs, they may never be clinically affected and it may never impact their quality of life or life expectancy.

Von Willebrand Disease is thankfully fairly rare, and many dogs will have the mildest form of the disease. If your dog has symptoms suggesting slow clotting or spontaneous bleeding, they will need investigations. Dogs found to have abnormal concentrations of von Willebrand factor are at risk of symptoms and steps should be taken to avoid surgery and keep them safe.

Just like humans, dogs can experience pain. This might be from an injury or a health condition, but either way, pain can have a real impact on our pups, and affect their behavior.

However, pain may not stop your dog from doing the things they love, like playing with the best dog toys, so it can be difficult to know if your dog is in pain rather than displaying undesirable behavior for another reason, or simply being the happy pup you love so much.

This is why Ella Camps-Linney and Alistair Mackenzie, professional trainers and the owners of Kirby Dog Training, have shared the key signs that your dog is experiencing pain – keep these in mind or note them down to help your four-legged friend out the next time they’re not feeling their best.

The signs a dog is in pain can differ slightly from canine to canine, but Camps-Linney and Mackenzie begin by explaining that their own dog, Byron, who sadly died in May, had changes in the fur pattern around his hips. “His hair was usually straight,” they say, “But along his hips and down his leg, the hair was sitting in lots of different directions which wasn’t usual for him, and led us to think he might have some myofascial/tension issues.”

Another symptom they noticed was that he was nibbling his feet, and would turn his head around to nibble his rear end, while he also became more reactive to other dogs – he had been attacked by one in the past. “We’re sure he associated interacting with dogs with feeling pain in his body, and so started having more extreme reactions to prevent feeling that pain,” they explain.

Other signs of pain included his skin flickering and shuddering when touched gently, as well as restlessness and difficulty finding a comfortable position.

However, “Byron displayed all of these signs but still wanted to go for his walks, play, and do everything he loved because he was driven to do so,” say Camps-Linney and Mackenzie. After they conducted a six-week pain trial, they found that his behavior improved, and he was diagnosed with arthritis – joint pain in dogs can be quite common.

If you’re concerned about your own pup, and you notice any subtle signs that they could be in pain, it’s best to consult your vet as they may be able to offer a solution such as pain meds for dogs. Your pooch might still be doing everything they love doing – we all know how happy dogs often seem simply to be alive and spend time with their humans – even if something isn’t quite right.

Dogs don’t rely on their eyesight like humans do. Their eyesight isn’t as strong as ours, so their sense of smell in particular tends to be much more important. 

And unfortunately, dogs can sometimes become blind, losing the eyesight that they did have. While dogs can adapt to going blind, and will still love playing with the best dog toys, it’s not ideal, and can be avoidable. There are a few different reasons why dogs might go blind, including a range of inherited eye conditions.

One such condition is progressive retinal atrophy, or PRA, which affects the light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye. It affects over 100 breeds, can be caused by multiple different genetic variants, and there’s no treatment. 

At first, it might affect vision in dimmer lighting, before eventually leading to full blindness. Sometimes, symptoms don’t appear until dogs are a few years old, meaning that they may have already passed it on to their puppies.

However, Shola, an English Shepherd who was forced to retire as a mountain rescue dog due to the condition, has helped scientists create a new test that could mean the end of PRA.

Katherine Stanbury, the first author of the research, and her University of Cambridge colleagues, have been able to identify the genetic variant responsible for the condition in English Shepherds, and have also developed a £48 DNA test that shows whether dogs have two, one, or no copies of the variant. 

Though the variants that cause PRA are generally breed-specific, they’re now planning on screening any dog affected by a genetic eye condition for the new variant. 

Shola and her brother’s breeder brought the pair to the team, who then carried out whole genome sequencing on their DNA. However, they found that neither had genetic variants previously associated with PRA, suggesting that there was another variant. 

The team were able to identify the variant responsible, and it’s hoped that the DNA test will help dog parents to identify English Shepherds with PRA early on, so they can avoid using them for breeding — PRA could then be eliminated from the breed.

You can still breed from carriers, which have one copy of the variant, as long as you breed them with dogs who have no copies.

Shola has had puppies, but the puppies’ father has been tested, too, and won’t develop PRA. Stanbury said, “Two of her daughters have just completed their mountain rescue training with Mountain Rescue England. And one of her sons is a therapy dog.”

“[The owners] know that none of those dogs are going to go blind and have all that training be wasted,” she added — and one of them recently saved a man’s life.

For more about dog eyesight, are dogs color blind? Or is that a myth?

For many of us, hay fever is one of the worst parts of summer. The sniffing, the sneezing, and the itchy eyes can ruin even the nicest summer afternoon.

But, it’s not just humans who can get hay fever. You might be surprised that other animals can be affected by pollen allergies, too, including our beloved pooches — it could be time to keep those games with the best dog toys indoors for the time being.

How do we know if our pups are experiencing hay fever, however, and how can we help them? Well, Dr. Linda Simon, Pooch & Mutt’s in-house veterinary surgeon, has offered some advice. 

Symptoms of hay fever in dogs

• Scratching: Often, hay fever will cause skin irritation in dogs. “If you notice your pup itching, rubbing, or nibbling their paws, eyes, ears, mouth, and other areas of their body, especially after a grassy walk, this could indicate that they’re suffering from an allergic reaction to pollen,” explains Dr. Simon.

• Red, sore, flaky skin: Hay fever can cause red rashes on a dog’s skin. Your pup’s skin might appear sore, particularly in areas that touch the ground more frequently, like their paws, legs, and rear end. Look out for redness around their eyes and face, as well as their armpits and abdomen, too, as this can also be a sign of hay fever.

Meanwhile, their skin could look flaky, the result of excessive licking and rubbing, while your pup could even lose patches of fur. Dr. Simon adds, “Even if their skin looks fine, you should still monitor any excessive itching. Frequent scratching can cause a build-up of bacteria and yeast and lead to skin, ear, and eye infections, so watch your pup closely throughout the summer.”

• Runny eyes and nose: A symptom that many of us know all too well! This isn’t quite as common in dogs, but you might see a watery discharge from your dog’s eyes and nose. 

Dr. Simon advises visiting your vet if there’s persistent discharge, or the discharge looks yellow, green, or cloudy, as this could indicate a more severe issue — such as a blockage or infection.

• Frequent sneezing, coughing, or wheezing: These are also less common in dogs with hay fever, but it’s still important to keep an eye on any sneezing, coughing, or wheezing. 

Is your dog sneezing all the time, however? It might mean that there’s another irritation, like dust, or that something is stuck in their nose or throat. Dr. Simon urges, “If you think your dog is experiencing any breathing problems, always contact your vet immediately.”

How to help relieve your dog’s hay fever symptoms

Your poor pup probably isn’t having the happiest time if they’re struggling with hay fever, but there are some things that you can do – even if you can’t totally avoid their exposure to pollen, particularly if you live somewhere more rural!

• Go for a walk early: "The pollen count is much lower early in the morning and late at night once the temperature drops," Dr Simon advises. "If your dog is suffering, try to keep their walks and outdoor activity around these times. When you go out, keep your dog on a lead in grassy areas to stop them from rolling around and covering themselves in pollen.

You can also plan your walks and try to avoid areas with lots of weeds and woodland or grassland areas."

• Mow the lawn regularly: "Mow your grass in your garden regularly to keep it short," says Dr Simon. "Keeping the grass short can also prevent grass seed injuries where seeds attach themselves to your dog's fur and, when undetected, can burrow into the skin. You can also reduce your dog's time spent in the garden."

• Keep doors and windows shut: “During hay fever season, keep windows and doors in your home shut whenever possible,” recommends Dr. Simon, “This will help minimize the indoor pollen count and give your dog some relief.”

• Wash and groom your dog more frequently: Gently wipe your dog after a walk to remove pollen from their paws, face, and fur. Dr. Simon suggests hosing your dog down if it’s a very hot day and your dog likes to play with the hose. 

• Vacuum and wash bedding regularly: “Washing our bedding regularly and keeping the house clean is something humans do when suffering from hay fever, but don’t forget about your dog’s bedding too,” says Dr. Simon. This will help reduce the amount of pollen around the house — particularly the areas in which your dog frequents. 

• Expose your puppy to a range of pollen: If your dog’s a puppy, research indicates that it can help to expose them to various types of pollen, as this can make them immune to some hay fever symptoms. 

• Consider allergy testing: If your pup is finding it really difficult, this might be a good idea. Your vet can examine your dog to find the root cause of the issue, and might advise testing for specific allergens. 

“Depending on the outcome, they may suggest immunotherapy — a treatment where your dog is administered with small doses of the allergen on a regular basis to reduce the symptoms of allergies, which can even potentially result in a permanent cure,” explains Dr. Simon. Here are four common allergies in dogs and what you can do about them for more information.

• Try different treatments: Hay fever, unfortunately, can’t be cured. However, there are ways to manage the symptoms, and your vet will be able to offer advice tailored to your dog. There are shampoos, creams, sprays, and drops that can help, as well as steroids for dogs with severe hay fever. 

It’s best to avoid giving your dog antihistamines, because they’re not always effective for dogs and some can even be toxic. So, only do this under the direction of your vet. 

Hay fever can be really frustrating for humans and dogs alike, but there are plenty of ways to help manage symptoms. If you’d like to know more, you might find these nine tips for coping with allergic pets useful. You might want to read more about eye discharge in dogs.

A parasite, which can be deadly for dogs, has been found in the Colorado River in California.

If you're a pup parent who lives in the area, then you might feel a little worried if your little one recently paid a visit here.  That's why we've asked a vet to answer all of your questions - like whether it's something to be concerned about and how to prevent infection.

We recommend investing in the best pet insurance for scary situations such as this. With a sick pup, the last thing you want to worry about is a vet bill.

Some of the symptoms of Heterobilharzia Americana include a dog losing weight and vomiting. The disease is transmitted by the host (snails), and can be dangerous to dogs, horses and other mammals. Animals can become infected if they swim or wade in freshwaters that are exposed to it.

Here's a list of the other symptoms, according to the study published in the Journal of Pathagons.

• Dermatitis 
• Vomiting
• Coughing
• Fever
• Bloody diarrhea
• Anorexia
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Excessive urination
• Excessive thirst

The report concluded: "In our study, we successfully confirmed the presence of Heterobilharzia Americana for the first time along the shores of the Colorado River, infecting two species of snails, Galba humilis and Galba cubensis. This significant finding marks the westernmost record of this endemic North American schistosome in the United States."

If you want to learn more about this parasite, we asked expert vet Dr. Lily Richards what you need to know:

Do dog owners need to worry about this discovery?

Dr. Richard explains: "Dog owners should be aware of this emerging parasite as it has been found to have spread to the Colorado River on the border of Arizona in Blythe, just east of the Joshua Tree National Park. This finding suggests the parasite, which is thought to be endemic in Texas and some Gulf states, is spreading across the country. 

"Transmission is via an intermediate host (a snail), found near water courses, which incubates and grows the parasite to then be consumed by the end host (your pet dog) whilst swimming in infected waters. When your dog is infected, the parasite accesses the blood system via the gut and travels to organs such as the lungs, liver, spleen and heart causing damage via immune activation and granuloma formation resulting in organ damage and failure."

If owners think their dog has the disease, what should they do?

Dr. Richards says: "If you are concerned about your dog being unwell, up to several months after swimming in an affected area such as the Colorado River, you should contact your vet. 

"Your vet will likely perform an examination, and discuss any symptoms (usually loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and signs of liver disease). A faecal test will be performed to look for the parasite and imaging may be required to check for internal damage of migrating parasite life stages. 

"Treatment is with two different types of antiparasitic medication namely praziquantel and fenbendazole for a period of 10 days. Not seeking treatment can have life-threatening consequences. "

What preventative measures can dog owners take?

Dr. Richards says that the best preventative measure is to avoid direct contact with water in which the parasites are known to be present in.

For more dog advice, take a look at our other features on 32 common dog diseases to keep an eye out for and is my dog sick?

Seasonal allergies in dogs can cause discomfort and irritation. Pet parents might feel concerned as they try to get to the bottom of what is making their dog feel uncomfortable.

Itching alongside redness, inflamed skin, and recurrent ear or eye infections are problematic at any time - even more so when they are experienced every year at the same time. 

Spring and fall are the most common seasons for dogs to suffer - when plants are blooming and we are most active outside with our pets. Seasonal allergies in dogs can hinder your life with your pet so it’s important to get help to work out what is causing their allergic condition.

While investigating your dog’s allergies, you may need to make lifestyle changes such as where you walk, diet changes (like swapping to the best dog food for allergies), or environmental changes, including swapping out the products you use to clean your home. 

They might seem similar, but seasonal allergies are different from environmental allergies as they only occur during specific seasons of the year.  To find out more about the different types of allergies, check out our feature on food vs environmental dog allergies.

We're here to help you understand the signs of seasonal allergies so you can provide your dogs with the necessary care and relief and they can get back to enjoying outside adventures all year round.

What are seasonal allergies?

Seasonal allergies are the immune system's response to perceived 'threats' brought around by changing seasons. This response triggers the release of histamines. Just like people, dogs can be affected by environmental factors such as pollen, mold spores, and grasses, leading to a condition commonly known as seasonal allergic dermatitis.

Identifying and managing seasonal allergies in dogs involves a combination of preventive measures, environmental control, and sometimes veterinary intervention. It’s important to keep track of your dog’s symptoms on a monthly basis. 

As vet Dr Katie Ford says, when documenting your dog’s symptoms, “You may notice that you always take your dog to the vet for paw licking in April/May time, for example.”

In terms of treatment for seasonal allergies in dogs, Katie says this “may involve medications to relieve the intensity of itching, which might involve tablets, sprays or creams. For example, corticosteroids or antihistamines. [Your vet] may also recommend antibacterial and antifungal washes, ear cleaners, or wipes to reduce the risk of secondary infections at this time. Alongside this, fatty acid supplements may be useful too.”

Follow our list of dos and don’ts to support your dog with their seasonal allergies:

Dos

1. Do get a professional diagnosis

Dr Ford says: “If your dog's allergic symptoms occur or worsen during certain seasons, it may indicate a seasonal allergy. However, it's essential to differentiate between environmental and year-round allergens, and your vet can help determine the specific triggers”. 

Your vet will be able to assist you in keeping on top of all of your dog’s symptoms and suggest any relevant treatment.

2. Do monitor outside activities

Keeping a journal of your dog’s level of discomfort or signs of allergic reactions, alongside their week of activities, will help you work out if there’s any correlation between where you walk and your dog’s symptoms. 

It’s also worthwhile noting the pollen count on specific days and reducing your dog’s time outside at those times. You can entertain your dog at home with some simple trick training or scent work instead. Here are 10 great brain games for dogs you might want to try.

3. Do wash your dog or wipe them down after walks

Wiping your dog down after walks or giving them regular baths could help reduce the impact of the changing seasons - especially when pollen is a trigger for your dog. 

As Katie says: “Rinsing paws after walks can remove pollen particles attached to the skin.” When bathing your dog, make sure you use products with natural ingredients such as oatmeal or aloe vera."

If your dog isn’t a fan of bath time, our feature on why do dogs hate baths might be useful.

4. Do keep indoor spaces clean

While seasonal allergies make you think of the outside world, it’s important to note that your dog’s condition might also be triggered by pollen that settles on soft furnishings - including their beds - from either their fur or our bodies. 

Washing bedding, dusting, and vacuuming regularly can help you keep on top of any indoor allergies too. You may also want to dry their bedding indoors or in the dryer, rather than hanging it out on the line where pollen could settle on it.

5. Do continue to work with your veterinarian

Katie notes the importance of working “longer term with your vet to form a strategy to approach allergy season."

She says: "Sometimes allergen-specific immunotherapy is an option. This involves a gradual exposure to small amounts of identified allergens, administered through injections or oral drops, to desensitize the immune system and reduce allergic reactions over time.”

It’s also important to keep on top of any drugs or natural remedies your dog may need to keep their allergies under control - setting a daily alarm on your phone to remind you to administer the medication. If approved by your vet, you might want to try these three home made remedies for dog allergies. 

For more expert advice, read our checklist for helping a dog with seasonal allergies.

Don’ts

1. Don’t self-diagnose

Don't attempt to self-diagnose or treat your dog's allergies without consulting a vet. Proper diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. You may also need the support of a canine dietician or holistic vet to get to the bottom of your dog’s allergies if symptoms persist.

2. Don’t over-expose your dog to triggers

Whilst it can be tempting to continue life as usual, especially if medication is helping your dog to keep on top of their allergic reactions, minimizing exposure to triggers such as pollen is the kindest approach. Restricting walk routes might feel mean, but in the long run, it will help your dog feel more comfortable. 

3. Don’t ignore symptoms or behavior changes

Don't ignore signs of discomfort or changes in behavior. If your dog's allergy symptoms persist or worsen, consult your veterinarian promptly. You may see your dog’s mood dip also, while they’re feeling uncomfortable - so support from an ethical and experienced dog behaviorist might be useful. 

Pain and discomfort can cause so many challenges behaviorally - from noise phobias to reactivity - so it’s important to be proactive in supporting your dog’s emotional well-being as well as physical.

4. Don’t bathe your dog too frequently

Avoid excessively bathing your dog. Whilst it is important to remove any allergens from their coat, washing too frequently can strip their skin of natural oils and potentially worsen skin conditions.

Follow your vet's recommendations for bathing frequency and if necessary, change walking locations or have a day off from walks rather than create further need for bathing.

5. Don't discontinue medication abruptly

If you see positive changes in your dog’s behavior or allergic conditions, it can be tempting to stop the medication to either save some money or reduce the impact they could have on other parts of your dog’s body. 

However, it’s important to follow your vet’s guidance on the proper way to adjust or stop medications.

Is your dog showing signs of dog allergies ? Or are you wondering if they might be allergic to grass? Read our insightful chat with one pet parent who says, "I didn’t know dogs could have allergies until I found out mine was allergic to grass.” And if you still don’t feel you’ve got on top of your dog’s allergies, it might be worth investigating how their diet is suiting them with dog food allergy tests.

These are the most common illnesses dogs get because, like humans, our furry friends can suffer from a wide range, spanning from infectious diseases to chronic conditions. Infectious diseases such as parvovirus, distemper and leptospirosis can pose significant threats to a dog’s health. Parasitic infestations, including fleas, ticks, and intestinal worms, are common as well. Chronic conditions like arthritis, diabetes, and certain types of cancers are also prevalent in dogs. Breed-specific health issues also highlight the importance of understanding your particular dog.

Preventing – and treating – these illnesses involves a multi-faceted approach. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor a dog’s overall health and catch potential issues early. Vaccinations are crucial in preventing infectious diseases, and parasite prevention through regular use of the best flea treatments for dogs is paramount. A balanced diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight contribute to a robust immune system and overall well-being.

Additionally, providing a clean and safe environment, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding exposure to toxins are vital components of disease prevention in dogs. Being aware of what potential illnesses are prevalent in the canine population can help us jump straight on top of any issues and treat early.

Let’s take a look at some of the most common problems.

Most common illnesses dogs get

1. Ear infections

Ear infections are relatively common in dogs, with certain breeds being more prone to them due to factors like ear anatomy, hair growth in the ear canal, and underlying skin conditions. Breeds with drop ears, such as cocker spaniels and basset hounds, are particularly susceptible.

Ear infections can arise from various causes, including bacterial or yeast overgrowth, allergies, foreign bodies, or hormonal imbalances. Moisture, trapped in the ear canal after swimming or bathing, can create a favorable environment for microbial growth. Dogs with allergies may also experience inflammation in the ear, making them more susceptible to infections.

If you see your dog scratching a lot, rubbing his ears, head shaking, or if there is any redness or swelling in the ear canal, or a foul smell of discharge, seek veterinary attention.

2. Allergies

Allergies in dogs often manifest themselves on the skin. Environmental allergies, such as pollen or dust mites, can lead to itching, redness and irritation.

Food allergies – usually to a certain protein or grain – may also result in itching and skin inflammation, as well as an upset stomach.

Fleas can contribute to skin problems too as some dogs are hypersensitive to flea saliva.

3. Fleas and ticks

Biting insects such as fleas and ticks can have a very nasty effect on your dog’s health and well-being.

Fleas cause intense itching and irritation as well as allergic reactions in some dogs due to the fleas’ saliva. It’s essential to know how to get rid of fleas because if the infestation is allowed to multiply, it can lead to hair loss, hot spots, and even anemia.

Ticks have a different effect, as they can transmit various diseases – some serious – through the blood that they suck, such as Lyme disease. They are very common in certain areas, for example forests.

Both fleas and ticks can be prevented with a parasite preventative.

4. Gastrointestinal upset

All dogs suffer a stomach upset now and then. Some dogs have indiscriminate eating habits, and going through the contents of the trash can, with moldy and sometimes toxic food, can cause gastrointestinal issues.

Some dogs have allergies that cause sore bellies, while others may have a sensitive stomach due to stress, including separation anxiety.

Symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal pain, lethargy, and loss of appetite. If the problem does not clear up quickly, consult your vet.

5. Arthritis

Joint pain in dogs is a common complaint, particularly in more senior dogs, large breeds, and those with a genetic predisposition.

Dogs suffering from arthritis will be stiff or lame, and find it difficult to get up and lie down, to climb stairs, or to jump into the car. Sometimes the joints will be swollen.

A balanced diet that keeps dog at a healthy weight, is essential. There are also joint supplements and anti-inflammatories to alleviate the pain. Moderate exercise is usually helpful to keep the joints moving and maintain muscle strength.

6. Periodontitis

This is a very common disease in dogs when the gums are inflamed and infected and pull away from the tooth surface, allowing even more bacteria in. This can lead to tooth loss. It starts with plaque and tartar build-up, leading to gingivitis and progressing to periodontitis.

Learning how to brush a dog’s teeth is vital to prevent gum disease, which should be done daily, according to a study on the effect of frequency of teeth brushing published in the Journal of Veterinary Dentistry.

7. Obesity

According to the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention, 59% of dogs in America are classified as overweight or obese, making it a very common problem.

Factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, improper diet, lack of exercise, and certain medical conditions contribute to this prevalence. Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for a dog’s overall well-being, as obesity can lead to various health problems, including arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular issues.

8. Bladder infections

Bladder, or urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a relatively common problem in dogs, particularly bitches, according to the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine.

Take note if your dog is straining to urinate or passing very small amounts, frequently. Or if the urine smells foul, contains blood, or your dog is constantly licking his or her genitals.

A course of antibiotics is required to treat this infection.

9. Cancer

Cancer is relatively common in dogs, with around one in three dogs suffering. According to a 2017 study on canine cancer incidence by BMC Veterinary Research female dogs and pure breeds are more likely to be affected.

Common types of cancer in dogs include lymphoma, mast cell tumors, osteosarcoma, and mammary gland tumors.

According to the study population, the Yorkshire Terrier and boxer were most likely to get cancer.

10. Heartworm disease

Most dogs are highly susceptible to heartworm infection (or dirofilariasis), which is a potentially fatal disease, caused by a blood-borne parasite. It is especially common where the mosquito population is prevalent as it is transmitted through mosquito bites, and the heartworms find their way to the heart and adjacent blood vessels.

It usually takes years before the dog starts to show symptoms, by which time there is chronic inflammation in the pulmonary arteries, ultimately leading to heart failure.

Clinical signs are a soft, dry cough, shortness of breath, weakness, listlessness, and loss of stamina.

There are heartworm preventatives available, meaning dogs should not have to suffer this horrible disease.

11. Cushing’s disease

Cushing’s disease, or hyperadrenocorticism, is a relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs, and the prevalence increases with age. The condition arises when the adrenal glands overproduce cortisol, a steroid hormone.

Common signs of Cushing's disease in dogs include increased thirst and urination, weight gain, muscle weakness, lethargy, and changes in coat quality.

Most dogs can be successfully treated with few side effects, according to VCA Animal Hospital, although the disease cannot be cured.

12. Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism in dogs is a relatively common endocrine disorder, particularly in certain breeds, such as the golden retriever, Doberman Pinscher, Labrador Retriever, and dachshund.

It occurs when the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to various metabolic imbalances.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism in dogs include weight gain, lethargy, hair loss, skin issues, and changes in behavior.

13. Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is more common in older dogs, though it can occur in younger or pregnant dogs as well. Overweight or obese dogs are also more at risk. It affects around one in 300 dogs according to a journal done by Diabetologia.

The disease causes a dog’s blood sugar levels to rise too high, and if left untreated, can be life-threatening.

Certain breeds are more at risk, including miniature poodles and schnauzers, bichon frises, pugs, dachshunds, various terrier breeds, and beagles.

Look out for increased thirst, excessive urination, weight loss, increased appetite, and lethargy and consult your vet.

14. Kennel cough

Although kennel cough is generally a mild illness, it is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by a combination of viruses and bacteria. It is particularly common in boarding facilities, animal shelters and grooming salons where dogs are in close contact with one another, hence why many facilities require vaccination.

Symptoms include a persistent, dry cough, nasal discharge, sneezing and lethargy.

To learn more, read our feature that answers, 'Can dogs get a cold or flu?'

15. Parvovirus

Most pet dogs are vaccinated against parvovirus, which is a highly contagious viral disease particularly affecting puppies. It primarily attacks the gastrointestinal tract and can lead to severe vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and dehydration – sometimes with deadly consequences.

Dogs are most vulnerable between the ages of six weeks and six months, especially before they have received all three shots of their vaccination series, so new dog owners should find out all they need to know about parvo in puppies.

16. Rabies

An extremely serious, often fatal, viral disease affecting the central nervous system – which can also cause deadly disease in humans. Once clinical signs of rabies appear (fever, hyperactivity, aggression, drooling, then weakness, and paralysis), the disease is almost always fatal.

In some countries, such as the UK, rabies is non-existent thanks to strict vaccination and quarantine controls. However, in many parts of the world, including the US, rabies is present to some degree, especially in areas with stray dogs. Vaccination and public health initiatives are crucial in keeping prevalence low. So knowing how often dogs need rabies shot is vital.

17. Canine distemper

A contagious viral disease that can be minimized by high vaccination rates. Canine distemper affects dogs, and also other animals such as raccoons, skunks, ferrets, and foxes. Distemper in dogs is common in areas with low vaccination rates and stray dogs.

Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, nasal and eye discharge, and neurological signs such as ataxia, seizures, and paralysis. The disease can be severe and often fatal, especially in puppies and dogs with weakened immune systems. It affects multiple organs, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems.

18. Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is caused by the leptospira bacteria, and symptoms include fever, lethargy, vomiting and jaundice, which can lead to severe kidney and liver damage.

It is more common in warm and humid climates, which allow the bacteria to thrive, particularly in contaminated water, soil or urine.

Vaccination is recommended and in areas with high vaccination rates, the disease is uncommon. Leptospirosis can be transmitted to people.

19. Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas, is a relatively common health issue in dogs, regardless of age, sex, or breed. It can be acute or chronic. The inflammation means digestive enzymes from the pancreas spill into the abdominal cavity, causing secondary damage.

It can be triggered by a fatty meal – sometimes from dogs helping themselves to remain in the trash can – or develop spontaneously.

Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever, lethargy, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and inappetence.

20. Dermatitis

Dermatitis is a condition affecting a dog’s skin, causing itching and inflammation. The dog will constantly scratch, lick, and bite his skin, leaving it red and open to infection.

There are several causes of this common condition, such as fleas, mites, and ticks; bacterial and fungal infections; allergies, such as pollen, grass, dust mites, or even certain foods.

Treatment and prevention will depend on the cause.

21. Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is most common in toy and miniature breeds, due to their small size and high metabolic rate. It is when there is insufficient glucose circulating in the bloodstream, and the body does not have enough energy to operate normally.

It can also occur in puppies when their ability to regulate their blood sugar is not yet fully developed. Diabetics with the incorrect dose of insulin may also have an episode.

Symptoms include trembling, vomiting, weakness, and seizures. It can be extremely dangerous, so seek immediate veterinary attention.

22. Heatstroke

The prevalence of this life-threatening condition depends on your location. Climates with high temperatures have increased risk. Dogs are susceptible to heatstroke because they cannot cool themselves through sweating, so they primarily pant to dissipate heat.

Even if you have some of the best breeds for hot weather, knowing how to avoid dog heatstroke is essential. Shade and water are key.

Brachycephalic breeds are more likely to suffer as their respiratory systems are compromised, while those with thick fur trying to cope with hot weather will also be susceptible.

Certain activities such as strenuous exercise, particularly in the heat of the day, being left in the car in the sun, will rapidly increase the likelihood of heatstroke.

Look out for excessive panting, lethargy, and disorientation, and seek immediate veterinary attention.

23. Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Brucella canis. The infection usually affects the reproductive system, and can cause infertility. It is typically spread through genital secretions of an infected dog, though some bacteria may also be shed in urine or saliva.

Symptoms include genital abnormalities, lethargy, swollen lymph nodes and back pain.

Brucellosis can be transmitted to humans. It is considered a notifiable disease in many countries.

24. Hip dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is the most common orthopedic condition in dogs, with some breeds predisposed. It is an inherited developmental disorder where the hip joint does not develop properly leading to instability and degeneration of the joint. Although it is genetic, it can be affected by factors such as diet, environment, exercise, growth rate, muscle mass, and hormones.

Medication, weight management, controlled exercise, and physio can help alleviate the pain.

Large and giant breeds are more commonly affected, including German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, golden retrievers and Rottweilers.

25. Lyme disease

Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness which can cause lameness, swollen lymph nodes, joint swelling, fatigue and inappetence. Kidney damage can also occur more rarely, but often with fatal consequences. Symptoms typically emerge two to five months after the infected tick bite.

The prevalence of Lyme disease in dogs can vary based on geographic location, environmental factors, and the abundance of the particular ticks (the deer or black-legged tick) that transmit the causative agent of Lyme disease, the bacterium borrelia burgdorferi. High-risk areas include wooded and grassy regions, where ticks thrive.

Always remove a tick from your pet. Vaccination may be recommended for those living in endemic areas, or there are effectively monthly or quarterly preventatives.

26. Lipomas

A lipoma is a benign fatty tumor that forms under the skin. They are more common in middle-aged to senior dogs and certain breeds, including the Labrador Retriever, Doberman Pinscher, and Weimaraner, seem to be predisposed, according to the Veterinary Ireland Journal.

They are harmless and not usually painful but can grow fairly large, especially if the dog is overweight. They can be removed, but as they have no impact on overall health, this is purely for cosmetic reasons.

27. Giardiasis

What we might term as “travelers’ diarrhea” in humans is a fairly common intestinal infection in dogs, caused by a microscopic parasite. Giardia can cause diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and lethargy, but some infected dogs show no symptoms.

It can be transmitted by eating or sniffing the parasite from contaminated ground or by drinking contaminated water.

It is rarely life-threatening unless the dog has compromised immunity.

28. Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is a gastrointestinal infection caused by various species of microscopic protozoan parasites belonging to the genus coccidia. This condition is commonly seen in puppies and occasionally in immunocompromised dogs and is one of the most common internal parasites found in dogs, but usually causes only mild illness.

The parasites infect the intestinal lining, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea (which may contain blood), dehydration, lethargy, and weight loss. It is typically transmitted through the ingestion of infected dogs’ feces.

29. Epilepsy

Epilepsy in dogs is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures or convulsions. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in episodes of uncontrolled and involuntary movements, altered consciousness, or unusual behavior. It is estimated to affect approximately 0.75% of the canine population, which makes it the most common neurological disorder, according to the American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation.

Epilepsy can be classified as primary (idiopathic), where the cause is unknown but likely genetic, or secondary, where an underlying condition such as brain injury, infection, or tumor triggers the seizures. Common breeds with a higher rate of epilepsy include beagles, Border Collies, Cocker Spaniels, and Siberian Huskies, among others, according to VCA Animal Hospitals.

Management typically involves anti-epileptic medications prescribed by a vet to control and reduce the frequency of seizures, and close monitoring of the dog’s overall health is essential for effective long-term care.

30. Cherry eye

Cherry eye in dogs is a common condition inherited in certain breeds, where the gland of the third eyelid prolapses and becomes visible as a red or pink mass in the corner of the eye.

While the condition is not typically painful, it can lead to irritation, inflammation, and potential complications if left untreated. Treatment usually involves surgical repositioning of the prolapsed gland to its normal position.

Predisposed breeds include English Bulldogs, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, pugs, and Boston Terriers.

31. Blocked anal glands

The anal glands are small structures located on either side of a dog’s anus. They produce a foul-smelling secretion during bowel movements. They should empty naturally during bowel movements, but if this doesn’t happen, they can overfill and block. Problems can arise when these glands become impacted, infected, or inflamed. At worst, the glands may rupture or grow abscesses.

If you notice a lot of scooting, excessive licking of the anal area, discomfort while pooping, or a bad odor, you should consult your vet. They may manually express the glands, or even advise surgery.

32. Pneumonia

Pneumonia in dogs is a respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and infection of the lungs, often resulting from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or breathing in foreign substances.

Symptoms include coughing, difficulty breathing, rapid or shallow breaths, lethargy, fever, and nasal discharge.

Pneumonia can be a primary condition or secondary to other respiratory issues, and it may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Prompt veterinary attention is essential for diagnosis through physical examination, chest X-rays, and, if necessary, laboratory tests.

Ask any dog owner and they will probably tell you that the health of their dog is one of the most important things to them. Unfortunately, every dog is likely to get sick at some point in their life. Some breeds are more prone to certain health issues, while some dogs will develop illnesses later in life that need management.

However, if you are taking good care of your dog and paying close attention to their behavior, you are unlikely to miss the onset of new symptoms that might indicate a problem.

'Is my dog sick?' is a common question pet parents ask and sudden behavior changes or alarming symptoms, like vomiting, can indicate that it's time to take your dog to the vet.

Here are 32 diseases your dog might develop over their lifetime and the symptoms you need to look out for.

Common dog diseases

1. Gum disease

Just like humans, our canine companions can get gum disease, which can make eating difficult and cause pain and discomfort for your pet. Gum disease occurs when the dog's mouth becomes infected with a bacteria called periodontitis, which erodes the gums and can cause bone and tooth loss. It's a hard disease to spot, so prevention is better than cure: cleaning your dog's teeth regularly can help to keep gum disease at bay.

2. Tooth decay

Taking care of your dog's teeth is extremely important, as tooth decay can make them very unwell. Thankfully, tooth decay is fairly rare in dogs, representing only 10% of dental issues. Damaged teeth are prone to infection and can cause your dog pain, so check your dog's teeth regularly and keep them clean with a toothbrush and toothpaste. If you are unsure, take your dog to the vet to get a dental check.

3. Canine distemper

Canine distemper is a viral infection that can cause symptoms such as a runny nose and eyes, a cough, diarrhea, and thickened paw pads. It can take up to two months for your dog to recover if they contract this virus, but it all depends on the strength of their immune system. The virus attacks the nervous, digestive, and respiratory systems and can be fatal.

4. Kennel cough

Kennel cough is probably the best-known illness that dogs can get, and one that you can immunize your dog against. Many boarding kennels require that your dog has a kennel cough vaccination before they are allowed to stay due to the high transmission rate. The illness can tear through a close-knit group of dogs like wild fire. A loud, hacking cough is the main symptom. It may sound like your dog is choking or has something stuck in their throat. If you're wondering, 'Can dogs get a cold or flu?' read our vet's guide.

5. Parvo virus

Parvo is an illness that dogs can get from one another, so if you have a social pooch this is one to keep an eye out for. Canine parvovirus is preventable, and all adult dogs and puppies over 8 weeks should be vaccinated against it. It is passed from dog to dog through infected feces or when your dog sniffs an object that has been contaminated with the virus. You can give your dog parvo if you touch contaminated feces and then play with your dog without properly washing your hands.

6. Rabies

Rabies is a terrifying disease that dogs can potentially pick up from other animals if they are not properly vaccinated against it. The most recognizable symptom is excessive salivation, which can look like foaming at the mouth, but as the disease progresses dogs may experience seizures, paralysis, aggression, and extreme appetite. Rabies is fatal and once a dog contracts the disease they will need to be put to sleep to prevent transmission and to relieve them of their symptoms. Rabies can be transmitted to humans through an infected animal bite.

7. Lungworm

Lungworm (also known as French heartworm) is a parasite that dogs can pick up from slugs and snails that infects the heart and other key organs. Symptoms include a dry cough, fatigue, and weight loss. An infected dog will cough up larvae, swallow them, and pass them through their digestive system where they are picked up again by slugs and snails, starting the cycle again.

8. Heatstroke

A very important one to look out for in the hotter months, heatstroke is common in dogs. Excessive panting, dry gums, gum discoloration, and seizures. Overheating like this can be caused by overexertion on a hot day, but is also often the cause of death when a dog is left in a hot car. Flat-faced dogs are at greater risk as they struggle to regulate their body temperature properly.

9. Intestinal parasites

Internal parasites, like tapeworms, are a real nuisance and can leave your dog feeling under the weather. Other intestinal parasites include whipworm, roundworm, and hookworm. If your dog is bum-scooting or you can see white specs in their poo, you may have a case of worms. Regular deworming can prevent and treat infection. Tapeworm segments break off from the main worm (which remains in your dog's digestive tract); these segments contain eggs and look like small grains of rice, which you might find stuck to your dog's fur.

10. Fungal infections

Fungal infections are no fun for anybody. Less common than bacterial or viral infections, fungal infections can still make your dog very unwell. Improper storage of food and exposure to contaminated soil can put your dog at risk. Most fungal infections are respiratory, although some infect skin, nails, and hair. Ensure you store your dog food correctly and it is best practice to keep it in the bag it came in.

11. Poisoning

While not strictly a disease, poisoning can leave your dog feeling very unwell. Diarrhea, vomiting in dogs, and blood in the stool are common signs of poisoning. Consuming anything from pesticides to poisonous plants can cause these symptoms and put your dog's life at risk, so it's important to watch what they are eating at all times. Make sure to use non-toxic cleaning products and keep toxic plants out of your house to avoid poisoning.

12. Tick-bourne diseases

Ticks can be difficult to avoid, particularly in the summer months, so it is important to stay vigilant to avoid tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease, Ehrlichiosis, and Anaplasmosis. Fever, limping, lethargy, and swollen lymph nodes are all warning signs that your dog may have contracted a tick-borne disease. Make sure to check your dog for ticks after a walk and use preventative spot-on or oral treatments to kill any ticks that do land on your dog. Lyme disease is chronic in dogs, as it is in humans, meaning the disease can flare up again years after the dog was originally infected.

13. External parasites

Parasites that live on the skin of dogs, such as fleas, can be bothersome to you and your hound. Fleas can also carry other diseases and can be the source of tapeworm infections if your dog consumes an infected flea. Hair loss, dry skin, and lesions can all be symptoms of an advanced flea infestation and you should try to treat your dog as soon as possible to relieve discomfort. A flea infestation in your home will need to be treated as they can live in carpets and furniture.

14. Mange

Mange is an itchy condition that affects mammals and can be passed from dog to dog. Several species of mites are responsible for the disease, which can leave your dog with hair loss, dry skin, and intense scratching. The mites burrow into the skin, which is extremely painful for the dog. It is often seen in stray or neglected dogs and can leave a dog almost totally hairless. Recovery is possible with washes, lotions and medication.

15.  Canine influenza (dog flu)

Dog flu is caused by two viral strains (H3N8 and H3N2) and is considered an endemic in dogs in the USA. Symptoms include coughing, runny nose, fever, and reduced appetite, although some dogs are symptomless. It isn't usually deadly but can cause pneumonia, which is. A dog flu infection is considered severe once pneumonia has been contracted.

16. Diabetes

Diabetes in dogs is common and comes in two types, like in humans. Excessive thirst and urination are key symptoms, but your dog may also be lethargic, display weight changes and appetite changes.

The most common diabetes, insulin-deficiency diabetes, happens when the pancreas isn't producing enough insulin. Dogs with this type of insulin require daily shots and careful monitoring.

17. Cancer

Lumps and bumps are normal on dogs, especially as they age, but unfortunately, sometimes they can be a symptom of cancer. Lymphoma is one of the most common cancers in dogs, caused by changes to the white blood cells. There are more than 30 different types of Lymphoma. Dogs can also get melanoma, so it's important to be careful of their skin in the sun and apply sunscreen to any pink bits of skin.

18. Pancreatitis 

Pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas, the organ responsible for insulin production, becomes inflamed. Vomiting, fever, lethargy, and diarrhea are common symptoms of pancreatitis. Any dog can contract pancreatitis, but it is particularly prevalent in miniature schnauzers. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and your dog may need a drip to keep them hydrated, anti-sickness medicationand pain management.

19. Ringworm

Ringworm is a fungal condition your dog can pass on to you and vice versa. It affects skin, hair, and nails and, despite its name, isn't caused by a worm, but by a group of fungi called dermatophytosis. Some types of dermatophytosis are species-specific, and others can cross the species barrier, so always be careful when treating ringworm in your pet. Sheep and cattle can get ringworm and pass them on to herding dogs, so be vigilant with working dogs and dogs often around livestock.

20. Ear infections

Dogs rely heavily on their sense of hearing, so when something goes wrong with their ears, it can be very troubling. If your dog spends a lot of time in water, has droopy ears, or allergies they may be more likely to contract an ear infection. Most ear infections are caused by bacteria or yeasts, but can also be due to foreign bodies like grass seeds working their way deep into your pet's ear and rupturing their tympanic membrane. Symptoms include head shaking, smelly ears, pawing at itchy ears, and scabs or inflammation.

21. Diarrhea 

A symptom of a variety of issues, diarrhea is unpleasant for both dog and owner. If your dog has eaten something rich or fatty, they may get diarrhea, but it can also be a symptom of an underlying infection or disease. If your dog has diarrhea for more than 24 hours, or blood in their stool then they need to go to the vet. A bland diet can help if your dog has an upset tummy, with foods like boiled chicken or scrambled egg and plain rice recommended until their stools solidify.

22. Conjunctivitis 

Just like humans, dogs can get pink eye. It's a bacterial infection that causes inflammation in and around the eye, which can be very uncomfortable for your pet. Discharge from your dog's eyes, weepy eyes, or redness around the eyes are common symptoms. Be careful that your dog doesn't damage their eyes while pawing or scratching at their face, as this can cause further problems.

23. Blocked anal glands

If your dog is bum scooting or paying extra attention to grooming their nether regions, then they may have blocked anal glands. Anal glands are little sacs inside your dog's bottom that hold smelly liquid that your dog uses to mark their territory (it comes out when they poop and that is why some dogs will wander as they poop). A blocked anal gland can become infected and turn into something more sinister, so if your dog is showing signs of discomfort, take them to the vet or groomer to get their glands expressed.

24. Cataracts 

Dogs sometimes get milky eyes when they get older, which is often due to the development of cataracts. Cataracts can occur for several reasons (like inherited disease), and sometimes in younger dogs, but generally are a natural part of aging. They will affect your dog's vision, so if your dog seems to be bumping into things or is particularly nervous when it is dark, they may have cataracts. Their vision will change slowly, so it might not be obvious that they are struggling right away.

25.  Cushing's disease

Cushing's disease generally occurs in older dogs and has similar symptoms to diabetes. Increased thirst, appetite, and urination are all key symptoms, but some dogs also lose hair and develop a pot belly. Muscle wastage and overall weakness is another common symptom, and your dog may develop thin, easily damaged skin and prominent veins. The condition can be managed, but your dog will need regular blood tests to monitor the condition.

26. Reverse sneezing 

Have you ever seen your dog reverse sneeze? Usually, they will suck air in through their nose, which can make a snorting sound, and this is thought to be done in response to throat irritation. It is harmless but can be quite unnerving as it can look like your dog is choking. Some dogs do this more often than others, particularly breeds prone to soft palate disorders.

27. Epilepsy  

Epilepsy in dogs is a common neurological disorder that can cause seizures and fits. Some seizures are more subtle than others, involving twitches, blinking, and drooling (known as focal seizures) while others are more violent and can lead to injury. If your dog experiences generalized seizures (the more violent kind) they might stiffen and then begin jerking rapidly. Epilepsy can be managed with medication, but sadly dogs with epilepsy tend to have a shorter life expectancy.

28. Urinary tract infection

Just like humans, dogs can get UTIs. A dog with a UTI will urinate or attempt more often than usual and may cry or whine due to discomfort when urinating. If they are grooming their genitals more than usual and dripping urine these are also signs of a UTI. UTIs are more common in female dogs than male dogs, but male dogs do still get them sometimes. Keep an eye out for particularly pungent urine.

29. Doggy dementia

Doggy dementia is a sad thing to watch as your dog may begin to forget commands, have spells where they are "absent" (staring into space and wobbling), or urinate/defecate indoors. They may experience personality changes: your once independent dog may become clingy, your dog may fail to greet you when you come home, or may be irritable or aggressive with you. It can be managed, but not cured.

30. Kidney disease

Kidney disease can be genetic and some breeds are more prone to developing the condition than others. Excessive and frequent urination, accidents in the home, and excessive drinking are common symptoms of kidney disease. They may also get mouth ulcers and pale gums. Take them to the vet straight away to prevent the disease from developing into full renal failure, which is often deadly.

31.  Heart disease

Heart disease in dogs often presents with breathlessness and lethargy. Coughing and fainting can indicate that the condition is worsening. Heart disease in dogs can be treated with medication, but this can be very expensive. Untreated heart disease can lead to heart failure and death, but you can manage the condition with medication.

32.  Heart murmur 

Heart murmurs are particularly common for some breeds, such as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. When your vet listens to your dog's heart they will hear an extra sound alongside the heartbeat, usually a whooshing where one of the valves is failing to completely close, causing a backflow of oxygenated blood. They can be caused by disease, be structural, or develop over time, and can be innocent (non-harmful) or a symptom of a deeper problem.

Read next: 20 things vets wish every pet parent knew

Whether you’ve got a mild cold or a seriously miserable stomach virus, you might be curious what the answer to ‘can dogs get sick from humans?’ might be. Many people assume that bacteria and viruses wouldn’t jump across species, but you might be interested to learn that dogs can indeed get sick from their human owners. However, just because a dog can pick up your illness, it doesn’t necessarily mean that it’ll display symptoms.

It’s also worth noting that, while the answer to can dogs get a cold or flu is yes, it doesn’t happen particularly often. This means that it’s not very likely that your dog will pick up your flu, even if you’ve been sneezing and wheezing all around the house. 

We asked veterinarian Jo Woodnutt to break down the common illnesses that dogs can pick up from humans and the indications you should look out for that your dog is feeling under the weather. 

Can dogs get sick from humans?

If you’re wondering whether your dog can get sick from humans, the answer is yes – but much of the time it’s usually nothing to worry about. Jo Woodnutt says, “Respiratory diseases like flu are often easy to spread between animals and even from humans to dogs. COVID-19 and human influenza have both been isolated in dogs, but they don’t tend to cause symptoms in dogs.”

However, bacterial diseases are a different matter altogether. While respiratory diseases cause minimal symptoms (or no symptoms at all), bacteria can have much more of an effect on your dog. Jo says, “Bacterial diseases are much easier to spread. Vomiting and diarrhea bugs from diseases such as Salmonella and Campylobacter can transfer from human to dog (and vice-versa). These bugs usually need to enter the mouth, so common routes of infection are from dogs drinking from the toilet bowl when a family has a stomach bug.”

MRSA is also something for humans to be aware of when handling their dog. Jo says, “MRSA is a type of bacteria that lives on human skin. It is resistant to most or all known antibiotics and is responsible for thousands of deaths worldwide. Dogs don’t naturally have this bacteria on their skin, but their skin and wounds can become infected with it if handled by humans carrying the bacteria. 

“Humans don’t have any symptoms of having MRSA on their skin, which is why it’s so important to treat wounds with clean hands.” MRSA can cause infections of the skin, respiratory tract, and urinary tract, so if your dog has an injury, then make sure to handle it carefully and wear gloves to prevent any potential infection from occurring. 

How can you tell if your dog is ill?

If you’ve been unwell and you’re worried that your dog might have picked up your illness, then it’s understandable to be concerned. We asked Jo to break down the common symptoms that dogs might display if they’re feeling under the weather.

She says, “Any number of symptoms can be signs that your dog is ill. Common signs include being off their food, having diarrhea or vomiting, or being lethargic. Coughing and sneezing are less common signs of illness in dogs than in people, but do still happen. Dogs ill with respiratory infections may also have sore and runny eyes, or discharge from their nose.”

However, if your dog isn’t feeling well, sometimes the signs might not be quite as obvious. “Some dogs are stoic and don’t show signs of being ill, and some diseases are subtle and don’t have many symptoms. As a pet parent, you’re best placed to notice if something isn’t right with your dog, and it’s always best to get them checked out if you aren’t sure.” 

One symptom that can be easily overlooked is a change in behavior. If your dog has suddenly started doing anything from licking their tummy more to snapping or nipping out of the blue, this could be a sign that they’re in discomfort or pain. This is why most reputable dog trainers and behaviorists will usually suggest a vet visit before recommending a new training plan for a sudden change in behavior. 

5 illnesses dogs can get from humans

If you’re wondering what type of illnesses dogs can pick up from humans, we’ve listed the five most common types below.

1. The flu

While dogs can pick up canine influenza, they can also be infected with human influenza viruses, including the H1N1 strains and H3N2 strains. However, while dogs can contract the human flu, they don’t actually appear to become ill. 

2. Bacterial infections

Dogs can pick up bacterial infections from a variety of places (including the best raw dog food, if it hasn’t been stored, defrosted or handled correctly), but they can also be passed from human to canine as well. Common causes of infection include Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni, both of which have a fecal-oral transmission – this means that if you don’t properly wash your hands after the bathroom and touch your dog’s mouth or face, you might pass the bacteria on. 

3. COVID-19

There are reports that a small number of dogs have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after having close contact with an owner who had contracted the virus. It appears that dogs don’t display any symptoms, or only have mild symptoms. 

4. Ringworm

Ringworm is a fungal infection that can affect skin, hair and nails. It’s spread through contact with the fungus and, while more often spread from animals to people, it can also be passed from human to dog. If you see bald, scaly patches (particularly on your dog’s ears, face or tail), then your dog might have contracted ringworm.

5. Mumps

There have previously been antibodies to the mumps virus found in dogs, which suggests that they can be infected by the virus. However, mumps is very rare in humans now thanks to vaccinations, so it’s unlikely your dog would pick it up. 

For more on this, take a look at our feature covering food vs environmental dog allergies with expert advice.

If you’ve noticed your dog seems to feel discomfort when urinating and is generally under the weather, you might be wondering what the signs of a UTI in female dogs are. One of the most frustrating aspects of your dog being unwell is being unable to ask them exactly what’s wrong. Instead, we have to put on our own detective hats and try to figure out what symptoms our dogs are displaying. 

We sat down with veterinarian Jo Woodnutt to ask her what the common symptoms of urinary tract infections in female dogs are, what to do if you think your dog has one and what you can do to prevent them from occurring again in the future (Woodnutt actually recommends keeping your dog as hydrated as possible, which is a great excuse to invest in one of the best pet water fountains). 

6 common UTI symptoms in female dogs to look out for

We asked veterinarian Jo Woodnutt what the early signs of a UTI in female dogs could present as. Woodnutt says, “It can be hard to spot a UTI in female dogs. You might notice your dog licking at their back end more, as UTIs can be uncomfortable. You may also notice them peeing more than usual, in smaller amounts.”

While it might be trickier for owners to spot a potential problem if they’re not always at home, there will still be signs. Jo says, “If you’re at home during the day, you might see your dog asking to go out more frequently, but if you’re out, then you might just come home to some unfortunate accidents.” Meanwhile, other symptoms can include a change in the quality of your dog’s urine. Jo says, “Some people notice a smell to their dog’s urine that wasn’t there before.” 

These are early onset symptoms of a UTI in female dogs, but what emergency signs should dog owners look out for that would require an immediate visit to the vet? Jo advises, “The most important thing is that your dog continues to urinate. Although more common in male dogs, a dog’s urethra (the tube that takes pee from the bladder to the outside world) can ‘block’. This causes urine to build up, putting pressure on the kidneys, which stops them from working properly. 

“If the urethra blocks, this causes heart problems and changes visible in your dog's blood, and will eventually become fatal. If your dog appears to be needing to urinate very frequently, but it seems to be painful and the dog is not producing anything, they should be taken to the emergency vet.” Signs of pain while urinating might include crying out or whining, licking their genitals, and physically straining. 

So, if your dog is showing any of the below signs, we would advise that you seek veterinary attention as soon as possible:

1. Your dog is licking at their back end
2. Your dog might be urinating more than usual
3. Your dog might be urinating in smaller amounts
4. Your dog might suddenly start having more accidents at home
5. The dog’s urine might start smelling differently

Meanwhile, if you see the below symptom, we would advise an immediate visit to an emergency vet:

• Your dog appears to need to urinate frequently, but it seems to cause the dog pain and they can’t actually produce anything

What causes UTIs in dogs? 

A UTI is an uncomfortable experience for any being, including dogs. However, what is it exactly that causes a UTI in dogs? Woodnutt says, “Some dogs seem to be more prone to UTIs. Most dogs will never suffer from one, but if your dog regularly does have them then there are some things you can try. 

“Firstly, you can get your vet to check them for a medical condition causing the problem. Bladder tumors, bladder stones, and incorrect anatomy can all increase the likelihood of a UTI developing.” 

Another great tip is to ensure that your dog is kept hydrated. Woodnutt says, “Ensure your dog has plenty of water available at all times – you might find changing their water bowl for a fountain helps them to drink. In some cases, diets can also be used to prevent UTIs.”

Aside from internal factors, such as medical conditions and what your dog consumes, it’s also a good idea to make sure that there aren’t any external issues causing the problem. Woodnutt advises owners to “make sure your dog’s back end is hygienic by clipping excess fur and washing them if they have diarrhea.” This is because many UTIs in dogs can be caused by bacteria from the dog’s feces traveling up through the genitals and causing inflammation in the urinary tract.

What to do if your dog is showing signs of a UTI 

No matter what the cause is of a UTI, what should dog owners do if they suspect that their pup might be developing one? 

1. Do not give your dog human medication

If you or your family member have previously been treated for a UTI and you have leftover medication, you might think that it would be cost-effective to just give these to your dog. Unfortunately, many human medications are toxic to pets – or they might simply be ineffective. 

2. Seek veterinary advice

As with most conditions, seek veterinary advice sooner rather than later. UTIs are painful and uncomfortable for your dog, so try to book an appointment as quickly as possible so that they don’t suffer needlessly. Plus, the longer you leave a UTI, the more chance there is that the infection can spread to their kidneys – not only will this be more dangerous for your dog, but it’ll also be likely to incur a higher vet bill as well. 

As mentioned above, if your dog cannot produce urine and they appear to be in pain while trying to urinate, then we would advise that you seek immediate emergency veterinary care.

Looking for more advice for your dog? You might also want to read: why is my dog always hungry? and Increased urination in dogs.

While red paws on dogs is a common issue, they can cause discomfort, itchiness, and sometimes indicate underlying health conditions. We consulted Dr Joanna Woodnutt, a vet who specialises in dermatology, animal behavior, and nutrition, to provide her professional advice on identifying the causes of red paws and effective home treatments to alleviate irritation.

From common allergies and anxieties to injuries and other health conditions, Joanna explains the factors that can contribute to red paws and offers expert insights on prevention measures and when it's necessary to seek veterinary care. When you have the knowledge on how to identify a pet emergency, you can make you, your pet and your vet’s life much easier.

According to a 2015 study published in the Canadian Veterinary Journal, front paws are more commonly affected than rear paws, and certain breeds and types, such as Pekingese, terriers, and Labradors, are more prone to paw diseases and dermatitis. However, regardless of your dog's breed, proper paw care is essential to prevent injuries and irritation while they explore the outdoors.

Without further ado, we are going to hand over to Dr Woodnutt, who will help to empower you with the necessary knowledge about red paws on dogs, and how to take proactive steps to keep your dog's paws in optimal condition.

What are the key signs of red paws on dogs?

If you’re examining your dog’s paws and notice that they’re red, what else should you be on the look out for? Well, red paws on dogs are usually a sign that there’s more blood in the area than usual.

This can be due to inflammation or irritation, and sometimes a combination of both. Since dogs respond to irritation with licking, you’ll often find that irritated paws become inflamed.

Other signs you might see alongside red paws in your dog include:

• Repetitive licking (you might find this feature useful: why do dogs lick their paws)
• Limping
• ‘Flicking’ of feet (irritation)
• Unwillingness to walk
• Signs of irritation elsewhere – such as itchy ears
• Foul smell
• Saliva staining (pink fur where repeated licking is occurring, even if you don’t see the licking)

Don’t forget that many causes of red paws are painful, and your dog may not enjoy you taking a closer look. Take cues from your dog and don’t examine them if they aren’t happy about it, as even the nicest dog may bite if they’re painful.

Does my dog have pododermatitis?

Pododermatitis, or inflamed skin on the feet, is a medical condition that always stems from an underlying cause. While it's not a specific disease itself, it often manifests as red paws in dogs. If your dog displays redness on their paws, it is likely a sign of pododermatitis. However, it is crucial to consult with a vet to identify and address the root cause behind this inflammation. The vet will conduct a thorough examination to determine the specific underlying factors contributing to your dog's pododermatitis.

Causes of red paws on dogs

As discussed above, red paws can be a sign of a number of different problems.

Here’s a list of 12 different reasons dogs get red paws:

Allergies

Possibly the most common cause of red paws on dogs, allergies can cause feet to look red and become itchy.

Your dog might be biting or licking his paws repetitively. He may also be itchy elsewhere, or have irritated or infected ears.

Burns

In the summertime, burns from hot pavements are certainly a possible cause of red paws. Dogs with burned paws are likely to be painful – they may resent examination, so be careful. You might also see the pads peeling away. This usually affects all four paws equally.

Foreign body in the paw

At certain times of the year, a red, inflamed paw is often caused by a grass seed working its way under the skin and causing an infection.

Your dog will be licking repeatedly at the single paw and may be limping. It’s often difficult to find the entry hole as the skin heals over quickly, so don’t waste time looking for one. It’s also very sore, so take care not to get bitten whilst looking at your dog’s paws.

Claw bed infections

Infections in the nail bed can be extremely itchy, uncomfortable, and even painful. This is more likely to affect a single paw rather than all of them, and your dog will be licking and limping.

Claw bed infections are hard to see, so you might not see the infection itself.

Symmetrical Lupoid Onchodystrophy (SLO)

This unusual disease of the claws can cause pain, limping, and gnawing at the feet, resulting in red paws.

SLO is a condition where the claws don’t grow properly, they’re brittle, and they break easily. It affects all feet, but one may be worse than the others, especially if your dog has broken a nail. This condition is a consideration in dogs that have repeatedly damaged their nails.

Anxiety

Some people like to relate it to biting their nails, but some dogs with anxiety will repeatedly lick their paws, causing them to become red and inflamed.

This usually affects the front paws, or a single paw, and you might notice your dog has other behavioral changes, such as pacing, changes in appetite, or clinginess.

Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD)

CCD (aka ‘doggy dementia’) can cause red paws due to dogs repeatedly licking. The paws aren’t irritated themselves, but this soothing behavior causes them to become red and sore. Your dog might also show signs of night waking, anxiety, or forgetfulness.

Alabama rot

Strange scuffs and red marks on the paws are an early sign of the deadly disease Alabama rot, which often happens in the UK in autumn and winter, when it’s muddy.

Owners are advised to check their dog’s paws after walking and visit the vet if they see any red patches on the paws. It’s most likely to be a graze, but it’s worth checking!

Ticks

Ticks like to embed themselves between toes, where they often cause redness, irritation, and a limp. It’s best to get your veterinarian to help if you’re not sure how to remove ticks, especially when they’re in awkward locations, or use a ‘tick fork’ to get them out safely.

Demodectic mange

Demodex mites live at the base of hair follicles. Small numbers are fine, but large numbers occur in dogs that are otherwise immunocompromised (including puppies) and can cause the feet to become extremely irritated, red, and sore.

Mange usually affects pairs or all four feet and is more common in short-haired breeds and those with allergies or other immunocompromise.

Hookworms

These tiny worms burrow through the skin on the feet, causing red, itchy feet, before making their way to the gut to live. Hookworm infection is more common in dogs kept on concrete and dogs kept in groups, but it’s still rare in most areas.

Contact irritants

If your dog has walked on something that causes skin irritation, this can cause red paws. Road salt is irritating, and it can cause your dog’s paws to become red and itchy after a walk in winter.

It’s also toxic if ingested, so rinse it off quickly if your dog comes into contact with it. This cause of red paws is likely to affect all paws equally. Other potential irritants can include cleaning products and herbicides.

How to treat red dog paws at home

If your dog has red paws, you might be wondering how best to treat them at home. The first thing you should do if your dog has red paws is take a closer look. If you can see a wound or a damaged nail, it’s time for a vet visit.

If there’s no sign of a problem, you can try cleaning your dog's feet to remove any irritants or allergens. Then, watch your dog for some of the other symptoms discussed here.

If they seem to be continually licking or upset by their feet, you should visit a vet. It’s best not to apply anything to your dog’s feet until they’ve been seen by a vet, as it may make examination harder.

How to prevent red dog paws

Preventing red dog paws depends on the cause. If your dog has an underlying condition like allergies or SLO, keeping on top of their medication will help to prevent their paws from becoming irritated.

On the other hand, if your dog’s paws are red due to an injury or a foreign object, there’s not much you can do to stop them becoming red.

You can take care of your dog’s paws by choosing your walks carefully and avoiding hot pavements, road salt, and glass and other sharp objects. Dogs with feathered feet may need their fur trimming in summer to reduce the risk of them picking up grass awns or burrs.

Mud should also be avoided in some areas due to the risk of Alabama rot. When you get in from a walk, check your dog’s paws over carefully and remove any grass seeds, burrs, or other plant material.

Check between the toes for ticks. Give them a good rinse, then dry them thoroughly. Some dogs may also benefit from paw moisturizer.

When to see your vet

You should visit your vet if your dog’s red paws persist for more than a couple of days or if they seem:

• Lethargic
• Painful
• Irritated by them

Your vet will take a look at your dog’s paws and determine whether any investigations are needed.

Often, treatment can be offered in the initial consultation, but in some cases your dog may require an anaesthetic for X-rays or surgery to remove a foreign object.

Your dog’s paws are important. The saying ‘no foot, no horse’ also applies to dogs – a sore paw can quickly become a big problem if it’s not treated properly, and your dog will be miserable as a result.

Red paws on dogs are a warning sign that something isn’t right, so don’t ignore your instincts and visit your vet if you spot a problem, especially if it doesn’t improve with some basic home care.

Spotting – and recognizing – the signs a dog is dying is worry-inducing for any owner, especially as none of us want to think about losing a furry family member. Saying goodbye to your beloved pup is likely one of the hardest things you’ll ever have to do. While we all want to have as much time with our dogs as possible, it’s also important to know when to let them go.

Becoming familiar with the signs that your dog could be dying is the key to giving your pup the best possible help. However, it's worth remembering that, in some cases, euthanasia is a kinder option than waiting for your pup to die naturally, especially if they’re in uncontrollable pain.

For more information, check out our guides to signs that your dog is in pain and signs that your dog is getting old or read on to find out the most common signs a dog is dying.

What are the signs a dog is dying?

Not every dog will show the same signs when their life is nearing its end. The signs that they show will vary depending on their individual health issues. Furthermore, the signs a dog is dying go through various stages depending on whether they are weeks, days or a very short time from death.

Here’s a guide to the signs a dog is dying when their death is:

Months away

If a dog is months or weeks from death, they might lose weight, especially muscle, becoming quite thin. Depending on their illness, they might still have a reasonable appetite, but often this will become less over time. Their individual health concerns may worsen, so if they have breathing issues you might notice that their breathing is louder or more labored, or if they have diarrhea this may be more profuse. Dogs who are months or weeks from death may also be more lethargic and subdued, with less interest in going for walks, eating, drinking, playing, or interacting with their owner.

However, it’s important to remember that specific symptoms will vary depending on the dog’s illness, and many dogs who lose weight or go off their food are not dying. Therefore, it’s important to speak to your vet if you’re not sure about your dog’s prognosis.

Days away

In the days before death, dogs will often become very lethargic, spending more time sleeping and less time moving around. By this point, they may have little or no appetite, and it might be a struggle to get them to eat even their favorite foods. A dog may also show:

• reluctance or difficulty standing
• incontinence For example, they do not ask to be let out to the toilet and pass urine or feces where they lie or stand
• no thirst response Dogs with kidney or liver issues often drink excessively, but a dog who is close to dying is unlikely to drink much, if at all

Minutes away

If a dog dies naturally, in the minutes before they pass away you might notice...

• breathing distress Many dogs show changes in their breathing before they pass away. It may become erratic and irregular, they might take some deep gasping breaths, and there may be longer gaps between each breath
• inability to stand or move If they are standing they may collapse, perhaps passing urine or feces. They are unlikely to respond to you talking or touching them, but it doesn’t mean they don’t love you. If they are dying, they may be feeling weak, confused, or in pain, and they might not have the energy to react to you.
• pale gums Their gums may look pale grey, blue, or slightly purple
• cold extremities Your dog may feel cool to the touch, especially in his limbs and lips, which could be a sign your dog’s heart and circulation are struggling
• vocalizations Many dogs will make unusual vocalizations if they are dying. If they are in pain, distressed, or disorientated, they might whine, howl, or yelp. This can be distressing to hear, but your familiar presence will offer your dog some comfort

After death

As a dog passes away, their eyes will become fixed, their pupils dilated, and their breathing will stop, although it’s common for dogs to gasp a little for a few minutes after death, as the muscles relax.

After a dog has passed away, their muscles may twitch for a little while. After a few hours, rigor mortis will set in and their body will become stiff, although this won’t be permanent.

How to help a dying dog

If your dog has been diagnosed with a terminal illness, making a palliative care plan with your vet is the best way to maintain their quality of life.

“Palliative care is the medical and supportive treatment given when an animal is experiencing an incurable illness,” explains companion animal vet Dr Rebecca MacMillan. “It should aim to keep your pet comfortable and give them the best quality of life possible. You will need to make provisions for your pet if they have been given a terminal diagnosis.”

According to Dr MacMillan, ensuring you are as informed as you can be will help you tailor your dog’s care.

“To make a palliative care plan you need to know more about your dog’s condition and what the likely signs and side effects are likely to be,” she continues. “For example, tumors can be very painful for dogs, whereas chronic kidney disease is not painful but likely to make your dog feel nauseous.

Above all, guidance from your vet is paramount.

“Your vet will be key in providing this level of information, but also in being able to prescribe the most effective medications for your pet,” advises Dr MacMillan. “If you have a dog experiencing a terminal illness, then please work alongside your vet. While it can be tempting to seek natural remedies or nutritional supplements, these are unlikely to give your pet the level of support they need.”

Practical measures

While medical considerations are likely top of mind in making a palliative care plan, Dr MacMillan points out that you may need to make some practical changes around the home to help keep your dog comfortable.

“For example, a dog that is unable to walk far too far will need help to get outside to the toilet, or a dog with poor bladder or bowel control will need the owner's patience and plenty of spare bedding.

“However, if you are getting to these sorts of levels of palliative care then you really need to consider whether this is still in your dog’s best interests. If your pet is no longer able to do the things they enjoy doing, such as walking, playing, and eating, or their pain cannot be well managed, then it may be kinder to let them go. Your vet will be able to advise you on euthanasia and discuss when the right time might be.

Knowing when to say goodbye

It’s really hard when the time is approaching to put your dog to sleep. Many pet owners worry about making the decision at the right time – not too soon or too late. You don’t want your pet to suffer but the thought of life without them is hard, so you want to keep them with you as long as possible.

That said, euthanasia is often the kinder option if your pet’s advanced years or medical conditions are preventing them from fulfilling their needs. It’s best to consider how their recent quality of life has been by assessing their appetite, mobility, and any signs of pain.

How many good and bad days?

It’s helpful to take a step back and consider the last couple of weeks – how many good days has your dog had? How many bad days? Are they eating, moving around, and free from pain?

If they’re not eating, have poor mobility, or they’re often in pain, their quality of life is likely to be poor. If they’ve had more bad days than good days it’s likely that they’re beginning to suffer, so it may be kinder to put them to sleep.

Making arrangements

The first step in arranging for your pet to be put to sleep is to call or visit your vet. They’ll be able to help you come to terms with the decision and understand your options.

When exploring your options, you may find that the vet can visit your home to put your dog to sleep. Alternatively, if your dog doesn’t mind the vet – or it’s an emergency and the vet isn’t able to attend – you might have to go to the practice.

If your pet deteriorates suddenly and you’re unable to get them to your usual vet clinic, give the vet a ring. They may be able to visit but, if not, they may know of a mobile vet nearby who can assist.

What happens after canine euthanasia?

After your dog has been put to sleep, the vet team will usually give you some time alone to say goodbye (if you want to). If you’d rather leave then just let them know – everyone has different needs during this time.

How do you arrange dog cremation?

If you’ve decided that cremation is the best option, once you’ve left, the vet and vet nurse will usually wrap your dog in a blanket and move them gently and respectfully to another room in the practice. Then, the paperwork will be completed to ensure that the crematorium knows the type of cremation you have requested. Then, your dog and the paperwork will be placed in cold storage until collection by the crematorium. If you have requested your dog’s ashes back, these are usually returned to the vet clinic, who will let you know as soon as they have arrived.

If you decide that burying your dog at home is the better option for you (check the laws in your area first), the vet team will help you move your dog to your vehicle with dignity and care. Some people choose to plant commemorative plants, keep fur or paw prints, or turn ashes into jewelry.

What do I do if my dog dies at home?

If your dog passes away at home, give your vet a call when you feel able to. They’ll be able to support you, organize cremation, and answer any questions you might have.

Grieving the loss of a pet

Saying goodbye to our furry family members is extremely hard on pet parents and it’s important to remember that there are no rules for how you should feel at a time like this.

It may be helpful to read advice on how to cope with the loss of a pet when you’re ready.

Eye discharge in dogs is very common and isn’t always something you need to worry about. If it’s clear and thin or there’s a small amount of mucusy discharge, it’s totally normal and doesn’t require a vet appointment.

However, if it’s a different color or there’s more than usual, it could be a sign of infection and it’s worth getting your dog checked out. There are lots of potential causes (which we’ve listed below) and some of the common allergies in dogs could be behind it.

With the help of expert vet Dr. Ruth Cawston, we’ve explained what each type of eye discharge means and how it can be treated. Ruth has also shared her top prevention tips and when it’s time to visit the vet.

Is eye discharge in dogs normal?

Eye discharge in dogs can be quite normal. However, if the amount suddenly increases or changes color, then this can be a sign that something is wrong.

What does normal dog eye discharge look like? 

Normal discharge from dogs’ eyes usually looks like tears – thin, runny, and clear. Sometimes this will then dry out and form small crusts at the corner of dogs’ eyes.

Occasionally, dogs can have some mucusy discharge, which is thicker and may be clear, cream, or yellow in color. A small amount of this discharge can be normal, but larger amounts may suggest that there is a problem.

Causes of eye discharge in dogs  

There are many different causes of eye discharge in dogs. These can include:

• Infections (bacteria or viruses)
• Trauma
• Allergies
• A blocked tear duct
• “Dry Eye” (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca)
• Corneal ulcers (serious damage to the surface of the eye)
• Uveitis (inflammation within the eye – which can be a sign of serious illness)

Types of eye discharge in dogs  

Eye discharge in dogs can come in lots of different colors and these can mean different things!

Clear discharge

Can look a lot like normal tears. However, some conditions (like allergies or viral infections) will cause dogs to over-produce tears, leading to this clear, runny discharge.

Red-eye discharge

Can be seen if there is bleeding in or around your dog’s eye. This usually happens after trauma and does not always mean that there is an infection present in your dog’s eye.

White, cream discharge

Can sometimes be normal in small amounts, but in large quantities it can be caused by infections, trauma, or “dry eye” – an autoimmune condition where dogs stop producing tears properly, leading to infections and damage to the surface of the eye.

Yellow discharge

Usually means that inflammation or infection is present, as the yellow color may come from the net

Green eye discharge

Is very common when dogs have a bacteria infection in their eye and is usually thick and sticky. It can also be seen with other conditions such as Dry Eye and corneal ulcers. It usually means that there is serious inflammation within the eye, so dogs with green eye discharge should always be seen by a veterinarian.

Fluorescein – a dye used by vets to look for damage to the surface of the eye – also turns green, and can make your dog’s eye discharge change color, too. So, if your dog has green eye discharge straight after coming back from the pet clinic, then it may be nothing to worry about – but do call and check with your veterinarian!

When should I be concerned about my dog’s eye discharge?  

If you have noticed some discharge from your dog’s eye, it can be hard to know whether to worry or not.

You will usually need to see your veterinarian to work out the cause of your dog’s eye discharge, so here are a few things that signal it might be time for a trip to the vet.

You should see a vet if one or more of these is true:

• Your dog has yellow, green, or red discharge
• Your dog has more eye discharge than normal – even if the discharge looks the same
• Your dog is pawing at their eyes or rubbing their face along the floor or across the furniture
• There is swelling around your dog’s eye
• Your dog is holding the eye partly or fully closed
• You can see something trapped in your dog’s eye
• There is a bump, dip, scratch, or other change to the surface of your dog’s eye
• You can see small blood vessels growing across the surface of your dog’s eye

If you don’t see any of these signs but your dog’s eye still looks different than normal, then you should still make an appointment with your vet.

Does discharge mean my dog has an eye infection?  

Eye infections are one of the causes of discharge from dogs’ eyes, but there are many other things that can cause this, too. Some eye conditions that look similar to infections– such as corneal ulcers – need to be diagnosed quickly, or your dog may risk losing their sight or even needing to have the whole eye removed.

This means that it is important not to just assume that your dog has an infection – make sure they are checked out properly by a veterinarian.

Treating dog eye discharge 

If your dog has regular eye discharge, or some crusting at the corner of the eyes, then you can clean around their eyes to keep them comfortable. To do this, you can use some cotton wool and some water that has been boiled ad then allowed to cool.

Dip a small piece of cotton wool in the water and then gently wipe over your dog’s eye to loosen and remove the discharge. Be sure to clean your hands both before and after doing this to prevent transferring bacteria between yourself and your dog’s eye.

If your dog’s eye is sore, or they have thicker discharge that is yellow, green, or red, then you will need to see your vet for diagnosis and treatment. Home remedies for dog eye infections are usually not effective and can leave dogs in pain whilst they wait for proper treatment.

How to prevent dog eye discharge 

A small amount of discharge from dogs’ eyes is normal and often cannot be prevented. However, if your dog regularly gets crusty eyes, then you can prevent this by bathing their eyes daily with some damp cotton wool.

Some dogs are prone to conditions that lead to eye discharge – especially brachycephalic (flat-faced) dogs whose eyes may protrude further than normal.

When buying a puppy, make sure to choose one whose parents do not have these protruding eyes, as this may prevent your puppy from having problems when they are older.

If your dog has a health condition that causes eye discharge – such as dry eye or allergies – then it is important to see your vet regularly and follow their advice on treatment. Otherwise, these conditions can lead to inflammation and scarring of the surface of the eye, which is painful and may affect your dog’s vision.

To learn more about eye health, read our vet’s guide on glaucoma in dogs.

What does a false pregnancy in dogs look like and how common are they? As well as standard pregnancies, our pets can experience a phantom pregnancy whereby a dog believes she is pregnant but isn’t, so it's understandable you may have plenty of questions as a dog owner! 

This article will explore the causes and signs of a pseudopregnancy in a dog, including how to tell if your dog is having a false pregnancy and what to do.  

For more information about pregnancy in dogs, be sure to familiarise yourself with the signs that your dog is in heat and, if you're planning to breed from your Fido, there’s even more information that you need to get to grips with, including how to tell if your dog is pregnant, how long are dogs pregnant for, and how to recognise Fading puppy syndrome.

What is a false pregnancy in dogs? 

A false pregnancy, also known as a phantom pregnancy or pseudopregnancy is when a dog’s body believes it is pregnant when it isn’t. It can occur a few weeks after a dog’s season, regardless of whether they have mated or not. 

Instead of the dog’s physical appearance and behavior returning to normal, hormone changes that are similar to those that occur in a true pregnancy cause false pregnancy symptoms to develop. 

How common are false pregnancies in dogs? 

The severity of a false pregnancy can vary. While some dogs will have many physical and behavioral symptoms, others only show one or two. This means that subtle signs can easily go unnoticed, and a large proportion of un-spayed female dogs will have some form of false pregnancy at some point. 

On the other hand, a false pregnancy won’t necessarily follow every season, and if a dog has never had one, it doesn’t mean they never will.

How can you tell if a dog is having a false pregnancy? 

You might know, or you may be able to hazard a guess at the symptoms of a true pregnancy in dogs. Towards the later stages of their pregnancy, they will become more hungry, their belly will enlarge, their mammary glands will produce milk and their nipples will swell. 

But, can a female dog's nipples swell if not pregnant? Well, yes, they can. Swollen nipples or mammary gland development are both symptoms of a false pregnancy. They might even start producing milk (which your vet might check for). 

However, aside from the physical symptoms, there are also behavioral changes. These include nesting, mothering behavior towards certain toys, anxiety, or even aggression. To diagnose a false pregnancy, your vet will need to examine your dog to make sure they are not carrying puppies.

Causes of false pregnancy in dogs 

Following a season, a bitch's progesterone levels rise whether they are pregnant or not. This means that hormonally speaking, their body acts as though it is pregnant for around 2 months. This period is known as dioestrus. If the bitch is pregnant the progesterone will drop just before whelping, stimulating milk hormones to be produced. 

If the progesterone levels drop very suddenly during dioestrus, this could mimic the same mechanism, leading to milk production and whelping behaviour in a non-pregnant dog. While the exact cause of what can trigger a false pregnancy in dogs isn’t known, neutering during the dioestrus period, or starting or stopping certain hormonal medications, carry the risk of false pregnancy.

How long does false pregnancy last? 

Phantom pregnancies can vary in length. Most are mild and resolve on their own over a week or two. However, some can take longer to resolve, even with medication and changes to the dog’s diet and environment. 

Are false pregnancies in dogs dangerous? 

False pregnancy isn't dangerous and won't harm your dog. However, it can cause anxiety or aggression, which could lead to potentially dangerous situations in severe cases. Some dogs whine during false pregnancy too, which might lead you to think they are feeling painful or unwell. Thankfully, false pregnancy is not a painful condition.

Treating false pregnancy in dogs 

If you’re wondering how to help a dog with a phantom pregnancy, rest assured, there are lots of ways. Firstly, it's important to visit your veterinarian to make sure your dog is well and isn't actually pregnant. If needed, they will prescribe medication to help stop them from producing milk. They’ll also advise on things you can do to help at home. 

This would include removing any toys, blankets, or other items that your dog is nesting with or mothering. It’s also been suggested that reducing your dog’s food intake, or wrapping them in a stretchy bandage could help stop milk production, but you should never try these methods unless advised how to do it safely by your vet.

Summary 

It’s not just the human body that’s complex – dogs’ bodies are too! So, if your dog is showing signs that they might be pregnant but they haven’t mated, it’s unlikely to be an immaculate conception! If you pop them to the vet for a check-up, your veterinarian can check for a false pregnancy and give you helpful advice on how to treat it.

When humans feel the onset of pain, it's common to head to the medicine cabinet to alleviate our distress, but what about our pets? Are pain meds for dogs easily available and, if so, what types can you expect to provide our four-legged friends with comfort? 

Whether your dog is showing signs of being in pain, had recent surgery or a traumatic injury, working with your vet to obtain appropriate pain medication can help keep your dog as comfortable as possible.

Vets have access to a wide variety of canine pain medications. Each of these drugs functions slightly differently, with differences in their expected benefits and likely side effects. 

Don’t get overwhelmed by these options. Instead, read on to learn more about what to give a dog for pain.

What can I give my dog for pain relief? 

When your dog is acting uncomfortable, it can be tempting to check your medicine cabinet for something that may help. Resist that temptation! 

Human pain medications can have serious negative effects on dogs. Additionally, dog painkillers that are prescribed for one dog under one set of circumstances may be harmful for a different dog or under a different set of circumstances. 

If your dog is in pain, contact your veterinarian. Your vet can help determine the underlying cause of your dog’s pain, while also recommending the safest and most effective pain medication for your dog’s circumstances. 

Carprofen

Carprofen, also known as Rimadyl, is a commonly-used pain medication in dogs. Carprofen for dogs is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or NSAID, which means that it controls both pain and inflammation. It works similarly to how ibuprofen and other NSAIDs work in humans, but with a much lower risk of serious side effects. Ibuprofen should never be given to dogs, because it can cause severe liver damage.

Vets prescribe carprofen in a variety of circumstances, such as an acute injury, post-surgical pain, or chronic arthritis. This drug has been used in dogs since 1997, and vets often reach for this pain medication due its long history of successful use. 

Although carprofen is generally well-tolerated, side effects can occur. Watch your dog closely for changes in appetite, nausea or diarrhea. If side effects occur, stop giving the medication and contact your vet. Giving carprofen with a full meal may decrease the risk of side effects. 

Metacam

Metacam, also known as meloxicam, is another NSAID prescribed for dogs experiencing acute or chronic pain. It has been used in humans since 1977, but was not labeled for use in dogs until 2003. It is typically provided as an oral suspension (liquid), but its generic form can be obtained as tablets. 

Meloxicam’s efficacy and potential side effects are  similar to carprofen. Just like in the case of humans, though, each dog is an individual. Some dogs respond better to carprofen, while others respond better to meloxicam. It may take some trial and error, and ongoing communication with your veterinarian, to find the most effective medication for your dog. 

Deramaxx for dogs

Deramaxx is an NSAID, like carprofen and meloxicam. It was introduced in 2002, with the primary goal of being more specific in its effects on the body. Unlike carprofen and meloxicam, Deramaxx is designed to only target the specific chemical pathways involved in pain and inflammation. 

In theory, Deramaxx’s specificity is accompanied by a lower risk of side effects than meloxicam and carprofen. It’s important to remember, however, that each dog is an individual. Side effects can still occur with Deramaxx, just like with any other medication. 

Previcox

Previcox is an NSAID that was first approved for use in dogs in 2004. It is similar to Deramaxx in its mechanism of action. In theory, it offers more targeted action than carprofen and meloxicam, with a lower risk of side effects. In reality, however, individual effects may vary. 

Gabapentin

Gabapentin for dogs is used off-label to treat a variety of conditions, including seizures, anxiety, and pain. Its mechanism is not fully understood, but it appears to impact how nerve signals are transmitted in the body. This can reduce the sensation of pain. Gabapentin is especially beneficial in the treatment of neuropathic pain, or pain that involves an issue with the nerves. It is rarely used alone and is often combined with other pain medication. 

The most common side effect seen with gabapentin is sedation. Less common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, and/or trouble walking. 

Tramadol

Tramadol for dogs was once widely used to control pain. In recent years, however, there has been considerable debate over its benefits in veterinary patients. Scientific studies suggest that it may have limited benefits in most patients. However, many dog owners feel that alleviates their dog’s discomfort, especially when combined with an NSAID. 

Side effects of Tramadol may include sedation, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. 

Can dogs have aspirin? 

While veterinarians do occasionally prescribe aspirin for dogs, for the treatment of specific medical conditions, aspirin is not commonly recommended as a pain medication. 

Aspirin has a far greater risk of causing side effects than NSAIDs that have been developed for safe use in dogs. The most serious risk associated with aspirin is gastrointestinal ulcers, which can lead to significant blood loss. 

What human medicine can dogs take? 

If your dog is experiencing pain, or any other signs of discomfort or illness, do not attempt to treat the problem with human medication. Dogs’ bodies do not work like ours, and many human medications are potentially toxic to pets. 

Contact your vet if your dog is showing signs of pain or illness. Your vet can recommend the best possible treatments for your pet. 

In the event that your vet does feel that your dog would benefit from a human medication, they will provide you with appropriate dosing and guidance to ensure that you can give the medication safely, with minimal risk to your dog. 

Summary

Vets have access to many different painkillers for dogs, but there is no single “best” medication. Choosing the right pain medication(s) for your dog requires an understanding of the underlying cause of your dog’s pain, combined with an understanding of your dog’s overall health and predisposition to side effects. 

Your vet may prescribe a single medication or a combination of medications, depending on your dog’s circumstances. This pain management plan will be created in a way that maximizes your dog’s pain relief, while minimizing the risk of side effects. 

Excessive licking in dogs is an act that can test the patience of a saint. However, your dog isn't licking to be difficult. Excessive licking is a sign of a larger issue at play. The core reason for this behavior can stem from a large variety of both medical conditions and behavioral issues. Irrespective of the cause, all require investigation and treatment.

It is not recommended to ignore excessive licking or dismiss its importance. Discovering and treating the underlying reason behind this behavior is the key to stopping it. Whether you're wondering why do dogs lick their paws, or if it's somewhere else on their body.

Tests, veterinary care and treatments can add up, however, and chronic and excessive licking may turn into a lengthy and complex process to find the correct cause, therefore increasing your costs and expenses. This isn’t the same in all cases but it is a detail to factor in.

What does excessive licking in dogs mean?

Licking is a normal behavior in dogs, and dogs may lick their owners as a sign of affection, to seek attention, or even just if they think their human tastes good!

When licking becomes excessive, however, it is usually a sign that something is wrong, as it can indicate anxiety, stress, boredom, pain, or an underlying health condition.

In general, a dog’s licking is considered excessive if they cause trauma to themselves or if the behavior interrupts their normal daily activities.

If a dog licks themselves continuously, one potential consequence is the development of acral lick dermatitis. This skin condition occurs when a dog licks or chews one area of skin, usually over the wrists or forearms, to the point of causing hair loss, red or thickened skin, oozing, and sometimes infection.

Licking can release endorphins in dogs, so this can become a repetitive cycle regardless of the initial trigger.

Is excessive licking a sign of pain in dogs?

Yes – excessive licking can be a sign of pain in dogs. Like humans rub painful areas to make themselves feel better, dogs lick painful areas to relieve some of the pain, or if they can’t reach, they may lick a closer body part like their front legs.

Common causes of excessive licking include arthritis and skin allergies, but there are numerous potential triggers.

Causes of excessive licking in dogs

The following medical issues can cause excessive licking in dogs:

• Painful conditions of the joints, bones, and muscles including osteoarthritis, soft tissue injuries, fractures, and degenerative joint disease
• Skin conditions, such as external parasites (like fleas or mites), food or environmental allergies, skin cancer, and acral lick dermatitis
• Gastrointestinal issues, such as food sensitivities, dietary indiscretion, a sudden change in diet, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and gastrointestinal parasites (like worms)
• Infections of the skin, mouth, intestines, urinary tract, or reproductive tract
• Anal gland impaction
• Dental disease
• Oral cancer
• Hypothyroidism
• Cushing’s disease
• Trauma

Is excessive licking a sign of anxiety?

Yes – excessive licking can be indicative of anxiety in dogs. When dogs become anxious, bored, or stressed, they may perform repetitive behaviors such as licking to calm themselves down or entertain themselves. If this behavior isn’t addressed promptly, this licking can lead to medical issues like inflamed or infected skin and acral lick dermatitis.

In addition to anxiety in dogs (including separation anxiety), other behavioral conditions can cause excessive licking or other repetitive behaviors in dogs, including canine compulsive disorder (also sometimes referred to as OCD in dogs), canine dysfunctional behavior (similar to autism spectrum disorder in humans) and canine cognitive disorder, or “doggie dementia."

Diagnosing excessive licking in dogs

In order to stop a dog from licking excessively, the root cause must first be identified. While it may require you to learn how to calm a dog down, because there are numerous causes of excessive licking in dogs, there is a wide range of potential management and treatment approaches.

The first step is to determine whether the dog has any underlying medical conditions. Their vet will obtain a thorough clinical history and perform a physical examination to look for evidence of injuries, infection, orthopedic issues, skin conditions, neurological disorders, systemic diseases, and possible behavioral problems.

Depending on these findings, they may perform diagnostic tests such as blood and urine tests, skin investigations, and imaging such as X-rays.

If no obvious cause of excessive licking is detected, the vet may wish to do a pain relief medication trial with drugs, such as tramadol or gabapentin, or they may recommend referral for more advanced imaging techniques, such as MRI or CT.

Treating excessive licking in dogs

Any underlying health conditions should be treated promptly to minimize the chances of excessive licking becoming a persistent problem:

Medication and collars

If the dog has caused any trauma to themselves, they may require pain relief or anti-inflammatory medications. Any infections should be treated with systemic antibiotics, which may help stop the cycle of licking.

Dogs who develop acral lick dermatitis may also benefit from a buster collar (like this one on Amazon) to prevent them from damaging their skin further.

Dogs who have behavioral disorders may also require prescription medications to help stop excessive licking.

For example, dogs with canine compulsive disorder often benefit from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like Prozac, which helps reduce the urge to perform compulsive, repetitive behaviors like licking.

Dogs with chronic behavioral conditions may also benefit from referral to a certified veterinary behaviorist.

Avoiding triggers

If no medical issues are detected, the dog is likely licking incessantly for behavioral reasons. In these cases, triggers should be avoided (i.e., not leaving a dog with separation anxiety by itself) and dogs should be given enough exercise and mental stimulation.

Behavioral modification training 

Behavioral modification training should also be implemented. For example, when dogs are licking due to anxiety or boredom, they should be redirected to another activity, such as a puzzle toy or training commands, and rewarded when taking part in activities other than licking.

For dogs who lick their owners when they want attention, they should be ignored until they stop, as giving them attention is “rewarding” them for licking.

Summary

Dogs who lick excessively should be taken to their vet to determine if they have any health conditions or behavioral issues that require treatment.

It is best to do this sooner rather than later, as excessive licking can become a learned, self-soothing behavior that can persist even after the underlying cause is addressed.

Although historically there were no cases of brucellosis in dogs in the UK, cases have been on the rise in the last couple of years. 

These cases are usually linked to dogs that have been imported from Europe, although within-UK transmission has also now occurred. 

If you own a foreign rescue, work with dogs, or even just spend lots of time around dogs, you should read on for the latest on canine brucellosis.

• How long is a dog pregnant? Gestation period and what to expect

What is brucellosis in dogs?  

Brucellosis in dogs is a reproductive disease caused by the bacteria Brucella canis. Unless dogs are breeding, it’s not always obvious that they are infected, as the disease comes with few symptoms. 

However, it’s still an important disease to be aware of because brucellosis can be transmitted to humans. Once a dog has brucellosis, it should be considered infected for life, and will always be a risk to others.

How do dogs get brucellosis? 

The bacteria responsible for brucellosis is carried in the bodily fluids of infected dogs. While the main way that dogs catch brucellosis is by mating, it can also be carried in the saliva, blood, feces, and discharge from the eyes and nose, and dogs that ingest or even inhale the bacteria can become infected. 

In addition, mothers can pass it to their pups in milk or in their uterus, although most female dogs that get brucellosis abort their litters. 

Although brief contact with an infected dog is unlikely to cause a dog to become infected, sustained contact (such as sharing a home) can cause infection, as can spending time in an environment where an infectious dog has been. 

How contagious is brucellosis? 

Brucellosis is fairly contagious between dogs– although rare, it’s possible for dogs to catch brucellosis just by sniffing areas that an infected dog has passed urine or feces. 

In most cases, neutered dogs without symptoms will be much less likely to pass on brucellosis to other dogs, while the highest risk comes from female dogs that are pregnant. 

These dogs will usually abort their litter, and the abortive fluids are very contagious as they contain a lot of bacteria. Luckily, although brucellosis can infect humans it’s a lot harder for a human to catch it than a dog – the main risk is to people working closely with entire dogs, such as breeders and vets.

Can brucellosis affect both male and female dogs? 

Yes, brucellosis affects both male and female dogs. It’s spread through mating and the bacteria is often found in seminal fluid in the male, or in vaginal discharge in the female.

What does brucellosis in dogs look like? 

One of the problems with this disease is that many dogs won’t show symptoms of brucellosis. The most common symptoms are related to breeding – infertility, aborted litters, or weak puppies. Since most people aren’t actively breeding their dogs, they may not see signs of brucellosis in their dog at all. 

Other symptoms of brucellosis in dogs include: 

• Lethargy
• Decrease in activity 
• Lameness  
• Back pain 
• Weight loss 
• Eye problems 
• Swollen testicles 
• Swollen lymph nodes 

However, it’s important to be aware that many dogs will not show symptoms, but are still capable of passing the disease on to other dogs or humans.

How long does it take for brucellosis symptoms to appear? 

Once infected with brucellosis, a dog may show mild signs, but they can also remain asymptomatic. This means you can’t assume that just because you haven’t seen symptoms that your dog is negative. 

If your dog has been imported, or has been in contact with an imported dog for sustained periods, it’s best to get them tested – especially if your dog is unneutered (entire).

How to test for brucellosis in dogs 

So how do we go about testing for brucellosis? There are several tests available, none of which is perfect. The most accurate test involves your veterinarian sending a sample off to an external laboratory. 

This will provide a fast answer if your dog has caught brucellosis. An in-clinic option (a little like the at-home covid tests) is available but won’t be stocked by all veterinary practices. 

False positives are also possible with this test – all positives should be confirmed by sending a sample to the external lab. These tests may need to be repeated a few months later if your dog’s brucellosis exposure was recent, as the levels may still be undetectable.

If a dog is confirmed positive for brucellosis in the UK, the result must be reported to APHA, the government body in charge of animal health in the UK.

Treating brucellosis in dogs 

Unfortunately, once a dog is infected with brucellosis, they’re considered infected for life. Treatment with antibiotics can reduce the symptoms and dogs appear to be recovering from brucellosis, but the dog will still be able to spread the disease. 

Neutering dogs may also reduce the risk that the disease is spread but doesn’t remove it entirely. Infected dogs will not be allowed to contact other dogs and must not be taken to areas that other dogs frequently visit, which hugely limits their quality of life.

Do dogs with brucellosis need to be euthanised? 

Although it seems extreme, especially when many dogs show no symptoms, the recommended course of action when a dog is diagnosed with brucellosis is euthanasia. 

This is because there is no treatment that can prevent the dog being a danger to others, as well as to humans. For safety, limitations must then be placed on the dog – you will be asked to keep them away from other dogs, not to walk them in areas frequented by other dogs, and not to let them greet people. 

Vets may not be able to hospitalise your dog or operate on them due to the risk to their staff and other patients. They are unlikely to be accepted by groomers or boarding kennels, and you’ll have to maintain excellent hygiene at home, washing your hands after touching your dog and not allowing them to spend time in the main rooms of the house. 

For all these reasons, it’s generally considered kinder to euthanise a dog when it has been confirmed to be infected with brucellosis.

What about humans – how dangerous is brucellosis to me? 

Brucella canis can spread to people, especially where numbers of shed bacteria are high. The greatest risk is to those who help dogs give birth or deal with lots of bodily fluids – such as vets and breeders. 

However, anybody can catch brucellosis from a dog if they have sustained contact, especially if they are immunocompromised in any way. The symptoms include weight loss, headaches, fever, sweating, and back pain, and treatment is essential to prevent more serious problems occurring.

Summary

Brucellosis is thankfully still rare, but it’s on the increase. While it used to be entirely limited to dogs from abroad, it’s now passing from dog to dog within the UK. 

If your dog was rescued from abroad or has had sustained contact with a dog from abroad it’s sensible to get them tested, especially if you’ve seen symptoms. 

If you have witnessed seizures in dogs, you’ll know how upsetting they can be. Time seems to slow down, and a fit can seem to last an eternity.  So, what causes seizures in dogs? And is there any treatment that will stop the seizures? 

Whether you've noticed your dog twitching in their sleep and become concerned or worry about the onset of epilepsy in dogs, read on to find out about the different types of seizures, the different causes, treatment options and how you can keep your and your poorly pooch safe during a seizure.

• How to identify a pet emergency: A vet’s advice on when to call the vet

Types of seizures in dogs 

Just like in humans, there are different types of seizures that can affect dogs. A partial seizure, similar to a petit-mal in people, can just involve one repeated or involuntary movement, and the dog won’t lose consciousness. 

On the other hand, a full or grand-mal seizure typically involves a loss of consciousness, lack of bladder and bowel control, paddling limbs and repeated tensing and relaxing of other muscles. 

Identifying a seizure in dogs 

So, how do you know if your dog is having a seizure? Well, it’s unlikely you’ll miss a full seizure, but if your dog has a partial seizure, they might just seem a bit vacant, twitchy, or look at something that doesn’t seem to be there. 

Just like people, dogs experience a pre-ictal phase before a seizure where they might act oddly. Humans describe smelling unusual smells, seeing lights or feeling odd sensations. 

The first signs of a full seizure in dogs therefore might include vacant behavior, vocalization, or restlessness. 

As a pet owner, it's likely that you're highly attuned to what’s normal for your pet so any sign of abnormal activity can cause alarm. Sometimes, you might notice your dog shaking or shivering, but this can have various causes. 

Similarly, if you notice that your dog twitches in their sleep, try not to panic: it's most likely a normal part of your dog’s sleep and dream cycle. You can find out more about the differences between dreaming and seizures in our vet's guide. 

What dog breeds are more prone to seizures? 

Different dog breeds are more prone to seizures, including Border Collies, Golden Retrievers, Beagles, Bernese Mountain Dogs, Shelties, Labrador Retrievers, Standard Poodles, and Hungarian Vizslas. However, any dog can have epilepsy, and any dog breed and develop seizures. 

Causes of seizures in dogs 

Seizures in dogs can be caused by issues within the brain or elsewhere in the body. Extracranial (outside of the brain) causes of seizures include certain toxins, liver disease, low blood sugar, fever and certain infections. Intracranial causes include epilepsy, brain tumours, and other structural abnormalities within the brain. 

There are many tests required to determine the cause of seizures, from checking blood samples for parasites, and liver failure, to doing brain scans and taking samples of cerebrospinal fluid. 

Sadly, if you’re wondering how to identify epilepsy in dogs, it’s not quite as simple as running a test. Epilepsy is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning it can only be officially diagnosed if the other causes of seizures have been ruled out. Epilepsy is common in young dogs, especially collies, and causes sudden cluster seizures. 

But, aside from epilepsy, what else causes sudden cluster seizures in dogs? The other more common causes of sudden cluster seizures include toxins and a congenital liver condition called a portosystemic shunt.

Seizure triggers

Seizures can happen for no obvious reason, but they can also be triggered by stress, loud noises, and visual stimulation. 

Therefore, you might find that your dog who is prone to seizures has a fit after or during a stressful car journey, Bonfire Night or New Year celebrations.

• How to calm your dog during fireworks

Are seizures painful for dogs? 

Seizures are very distressing to see, and they can look like your dog is in pain. However, thankfully your dog will be completely unaware of the seizure while it is going on. Once they come around, they may experience some muscle aches or stiffness related to the seizure movement. 

Remember, they can also injure themselves during a seizure, especially if they fall down steps, or knock over furniture. So, make sure they’re safe then give them some space to prevent getting accidentally bitten or scratched. 

What to do when a dog has a seizure 

If your dog has a seizure, try to stay calm. Try to set a timer or make a note of the time so that you know when the seizure started. If you have someone else with you, try to get them to contact the vet. 

In the meantime, you can clear the area of any hazards to ensure that your dog doesn’t hurt themselves. Your veterinarian will have additional advice but may ask you to bring your dog in once the seizure has finished. 

Try to give them time to settle first, as the stress may trigger another seizure. Once you get them to the vet, they will be able to examine them, take a blood sample and discuss treatment options. 

Recovery from a seizure 

When people have seizures, they often take a while to come around fully and return to normal. This is known as the post-ictal phase. Dogs also experience a post-ictal phase and may take a few hours to return to normal after a seizure. 

During this time, they may pace around or be very subdued, they might even seem blind or behave like they’re going to have another seizure.

Long-term effects of seizures in dogs 

Every time your dog has a seizure, the abnormal nerve pathways become activated, making it more likely they’ll have seizures in the future. This creates more and more seizures, so it’s important to break the cycle. 

If a dog has cluster seizures or goes into status epilepticus (failing to come around between seizures) their body temperature will increase, and they could suffer permanent brain damage. 

Thankfully, anti-convulsant medication can control seizures to a manageable level, or even stop them completely, depending on the cause. 

Summary 

If your dog has seizures, it’s really upsetting to see. However, knowing what is happening, how to help them and when to worry will give you a sense of calm. Remember, your veterinarian is just a phone call away if you need some advice. 

Obsessive compulsive disorder, or OCD, is a mental health condition that generally causes persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) followed by repetitive behaviors (compulsions) in humans—but can dogs have OCD as well? 

Canine compulsive disorder (CCD) shares many overlapping similarities with OCD in humans. It can be a lengthy process to diagnose CCD, so it is always recommended that owners take out pet insurance  before getting a dog to help offset the financial burden of unexpected health conditions.

Let’s take a closer look at CCD, including its causes and how it is managed.

•  Can dogs be autistic or have special needs? 

Can dogs have OCD?

Although dogs can have a condition similar to OCD in humans, it is generally referred to as “canine compulsive disorder” because, although affected dogs display compulsive behaviors, they cannot tell us if they are having obsessive thoughts.

Canine compulsive disorder is characterized by repetitive behaviors that do not have a clear purpose and persist regardless of the dog’s environment. These behaviors often stem from normal behaviors like grooming or movement, such as flank sucking or tail chasing. 

Although many of these behaviors can be normal in the presence of a stimulating trigger like stress or boredom, dogs with CCD display compulsions frequently and may appear to have a lack of control over their behaviors.

What causes dogs to have CCD? 

There is no single cause of CCD, but there are several factors that can contribute to its development. These include: 

Genetics

Studies have found evidence that CCD can be hereditary in dogs. In addition, a study conducted at Tufts University identified a gene on chromosome 7 that predisposes dogs to develop the condition. 

Certain breeds are more likely to develop CCD and display certain compulsions, such as spinning in Bull Terriers, flank sucking in Doberman Pinschers, and staring at shadows in Border Collies.

Brain abnormalities

Neurotransmitters such as serotonin and glutamate are suspected to be altered in CCD, thus affecting the ability of the brain to send messages to the rest of the nervous system. 

Additionally, a 2013 study found that Doberman Pinschers with CCD had similar brain structural abnormalities to humans with OCD on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Extreme response to stress or frustration

When dogs have high anxiety or a lack of mental and/or physical stimulation, they may display repetitive behaviors to self-soothe or entertain themselves. 

If their needs are not addressed in a timely manner, these behaviors can progress to CCD in some dogs.

Medical conditions

Some medical conditions cause dogs to exhibit compulsions that can eventually lead to CCD. An example of this is acral lick dermatitis secondary to issues like arthritis or skin allergies, which occurs when a dog continuously licks their legs or feet, causing hair loss, skin irritation, and sometimes even infection.

How do you know if your dog has CCD? 

Dogs with CCD display compulsive behaviors that interfere with daily life, including circling/tail chasing, pacing, excessive licking, flank sucking, incessant barking, drinking excessive amounts of water, eating objects like rocks or feces, “fly snapping,” and freezing and staring. 

Affected dogs may perform these behaviors in the absence of a stimulus or trigger. The condition usually appears in the first 2 years of life when the dog is a “teenager” or young adult.

There are several medical issues that can cause at least one of these behaviors, including seizures, toxin exposure, and skin conditions, so CCD can only be diagnosed once other underlying causes are ruled out. 

If you suspect your dog may have CCD, your vet will take a thorough history, conduct a physical examination, and perform diagnostic tests like blood and urine tests. 

They may also recommend further investigations including imaging (i.e., X-ray or MRI) or therapeutic medication trials with painkillers (i.e., tramadol or gabapentin), anti-inflammatories, steroids, or anticonvulsants. They may even prescribe prozac for dogs, known as fluoxetine hydrochloride

How is CCD managed in dogs?

Canine compulsive disorder is initially managed with environmental adjustments and behavior modification training. Providing a predictable daily routine and avoiding known triggers of compulsive behaviors can lessen stress and anxiety in dogs with CCD. 

When a dog begins to exhibit these repetitive behaviors, they should be redirected to another activity, like training commands, and rewarded once they no longer display compulsions and calm down. 

In addition, providing additional mental and physical stimulation through the use of puzzle toys or games and exercise can tire them out and relieve anxiety.

 Although these changes can help some dogs when initiated early, most dogs with CCD (especially those with a genetic component) require medications to treat their condition. 

The medications most commonly used to treat CCD include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like Prozac and tricyclic antidepressants like clomipramine, which are also used frequently in the treatment of OCD in humans. Dogs typically start to respond to these medications after 3-4 weeks of treatment.

Many dogs with CCD benefit from seeing a behavior specialist —your veterinarian may wish to refer you to a board-certified veterinary behaviorist if they do not find any underlying causes of compulsive behavior.

Can CCD cause aggression in dogs? 

Aggression is often a displacement behavior when a dog experiences stress or anxiety, so dogs with CCD who are not managed properly may show signs of aggression if they are interrupted while performing compulsive behaviors. A study by Overall et al. found that 28% of dogs with CCD displayed aggression related to dominance or impulse control. Dogs with CCD may also direct aggression towards themselves and self-mutilate.

It is crucial that dogs with CCD are diagnosed and treated early to minimize the chances of them becoming aggressive for the sake of their owner’s safety and their own wellbeing.

Is CCD in dogs curable? 

Like OCD in humans, CCD is usually a chronic, lifelong condition that cannot be cured. Luckily, it can be controlled with appropriate management, and dogs with CCD can live long, happy, and healthy lives.

Giardia is a highly prevalent protozoan parasite in dogs, and is particularly common in areas where dogs congregate such as shelters, kennels, and dog parks.  

Dogs with giardia infection often have no symptoms, but those that do become symptomatic may exhibit diarrhea, occasionally accompanied by lethargy or abdominal pain.  

If your dog has been diagnosed with a giardia infection, it is important to know that this infection can be transmitted to other dogs, and your dog can even re-infect himself if you’re not careful to prevent it.  

Learn all about giardia in dogs below so you can ensure your dog is protected from this common parasite.

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What is giardiasis in dogs? 

Giardia is a protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract of many mammals, including dogs and humans. Giardia infection is common in dogs, particularly those in high-density environments such as kennels and shelters. Giardia can be found in soil, water, and even food that has been contaminated with infected feces.  

When an animal is infected with giardia, it sheds giardia cysts through its feces.  These infective cysts are then ingested by another animal. Once in the digestive tract, the cysts open and release two trophozoites, which mature in the digestive tract.  

Some trophozoites attach the the wall of the small intestine, while others remain free-moving in the digestive tract.  The trophozoites multiply, and new immature trophozoites are encysted and released in the feces, ready to infect a new host.  

How is giardia spread? Can it spread to humans? 

Giardia is spread by the ingestion of giardia cysts, which are shed in the feces of infected humans and animals.  Cysts are typically ingested from contaminated water, food, fomites (such as food or water bowls, toys, etc), or from self-grooming.  

This means that dogs can contract giardia from eating infected feces, drinking contaminated water, or even from licking their paws after walking in areas where infected animals have defecated.  

Dogs in shelters, breeding facilities, and kennels are more likely to carry giardia.  Studies have also found that giardia is more prevalent among dogs that visit dog parks.

Giardia is a zoonotic disease, which means it can be spread from animals to humans.  However, humans typically acquire giardia infections from other humans.  According to the Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC), transmission from dogs to humans appears to be rare.  

Symptoms of giardia in dogs 

Many dogs with giardia are asymptomatic, meaning they do not show any signs of the disease. Those that do show symptoms typically have an acute (sudden onset) diarrhea.  

Often there is an increased frequency in defecation as well. The diarrhea may have mucus but is typically not bloody except in very severe cases.  Dehydration, lethargy, and abdominal pain can also occur in severe cases.  

Rarely, vomiting and fever may occur.  Younger animals are more likely to experience severe infections than older animals. If you notice symptoms of giardia in your dog, see your veterinarian for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.  

Your veterinarian will perform a full head to tail physical examination, and will likely recommend an evaluation of a fecal sample to look for giardia cysts or a test for giardia antigen, which confirms infection.

Treating giardia in dogs 

Giardia should always be treated, even if your dog does not have symptoms, because of the risk of transmission to other animals and possibly to humans as well.  Giardia is typically treated with an antiparasitic medication called Fenbendazole. 

 Sometimes Fenbendazole is given in combination with an antibiotic called Metronidazole, which can be particularly helpful in cases of clinical disease.  

The Companion Animal Parasite Council also recommends bathing the dog with shampoo on the last day of treatment to remove cysts and fecal material from the coat and paws, which will help prevent re-infection. 

Following treatment, it is recommended to retest a fecal sample for giardia cysts to ensure that the infection has be adequately treated. 

Can dogs with giardia be around other dogs? 

Giardia is not transmitted directly from dog to dog, so dogs with giardia can be around other dogs.  However, other dogs should not be walked or allowed to play in areas where an infected dog has defecated, because giardia is transmitted through the feces.  

To prevent giardia from being transmitted to other dogs, always pick up your dog’s poop immediately after your dog defecates and dispose of it in an appropriate waste container.  

If your dog has giardia, walking your dog in a separate area away from other dogs and practicing good sanitation by picking up and disposing of your dog’s feces immediately will help prevent transmission of giardia to other dogs.

How to prevent giardia in dogs 

Giardia is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, so good hygiene is essential to prevent giardia in dogs.  Dogs should not be allowed to drink from contaminated water sources and should be kept away from areas where other animals have defecated.  

 Feces should be picked up promptly after dogs have defecated and should be disposed of in appropriate waste containers.  Infected dogs should also be bathed to remove giardia cysts from the coat and paws, where normal self-grooming behavior can cause them to be ingested, leading to re-infection.

Giardia cysts are able to live in the environment outside the host for several months.  However, they are susceptible to most common disinfectants as well as to boiling, steam, and desiccation.  

Surfaces, food and water bowls, toys, and other materials used by an infected dog should be cleaned thoroughly to reduce the risk of transmission, particularly in kennel or shelter environments where transmission risk is high.  

Items contaminated with fecal material should first be washed to removal all organic matter, then disinfected according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Prozac is an antidepressant commonly prescribed in humans that also provides benefits in dogs and cats when combined with behavior modification.

Some pet insurance companies will cover the cost of treatment for behavioral issues, so this is a point worth considering when you take out insurance for your pet. Let’s have a closer look at what Prozac is and when it should and shouldn’t be used in dogs.

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What is Prozac for dogs? 

Prozac, or fluoxetine hydrochloride, is an antidepressant, specifically a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Serotonin, sometimes referred to as a “happy hormone,” is a neurotransmitter that has been shown to boost mood and reduce levels of anxiety and depression. 

SSRIs increase serotonin levels in the brain by preventing serotonin reuptake and removal from the central nervous system, allowing serotonin to accumulate. SSRIs can therefore help with several mental health issues in both human and veterinary medicine.

What does Prozac do for dogs? 

Prozac is licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat separation anxiety in dogs. It can also be prescribed off-license for generalized anxiety, panic disorders, compulsive disorders and hyperactivity in dogs, inappropriate urine marking, and some cases of aggression.

It is important to note that Prozac and other antidepressant or antianxiety medications should always be used in combination with behavioral modification techniques. 

This includes identifying a particular dog’s triggers and either avoiding them completely or training the dog to react differently to them. Prozac can be a helpful addition to this type of training by lessening a dog’s heightened anxiety, which can interfere with their ability to learn, to allow them to respond better and learn more efficiently.

Prozac usually takes 3-4 weeks to start working in dogs, so it is more useful for cases with day-to-day issues like anxiety or compulsive behaviors. Dogs with specific phobias like fireworks or thunderstorms benefit more from short-acting medications with a quick onset, like benzodiazepines, to calm them down. 

Recommended dose of Prozac for dogs 

According to MSD Veterinary Manual, the recommended dose of Prozac for dogs is 1 mg/kg/day (or about 0.45 mg/lb/day). However, this can vary depending on the individual dog, any coexisting conditions they may have, and any additional medications they take, with most doses in the range of 0.5-2 mg/kg/day (or about 0.23-0.9 mg/lb/day). 

Giving your dog Prozac should always be done under the supervision of your veterinarian, and you should never adjust the dose without consulting them first.

Prozac is given orally in the form of a tablet, capsule, or liquid. It can be given with or without food—if a dog vomits when given the medication on an empty stomach, it should be given with food.

Depending on the underlying reason why a dog is prescribed Prozac, they may benefit from taking it for a limited period of time (i.e., 6 months to 1 year to assist with behavior modification training) or they may require lifelong treatment, for example, in cases with severe anxiety. 

When Prozac is stopped, it should be tapered off over a couple weeks to prevent side effects seen with sudden discontinuation such as rebound anxiety. Prozac should never be stopped abruptly unless specifically instructed by a vet.

Side effects of Prozac in dogs 

The side effects of Prozac in dogs can range in severity from mild to severe, and they include:

• Reduced appetite 
• Lethargy 
• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea 
• Incoordination 
• Restlessness 
• Weight loss 
• Seizures 
• Increased aggression 

It is important to let your vet know if your dog experiences any of these signs, especially more severe symptoms like seizures or aggression.

If you suspect that your dog has overdosed on Prozac or if they show signs such as extreme lethargy, hypersalivation, persistent vomiting, agitation, and/or seizures, you should seek veterinary attention immediately.

Considerations before giving Prozac in dogs 

Prozac should be avoided or used with caution in dogs with certain health conditions. For example, the medication should be avoided in dogs with diabetes mellitus because it may interfere with insulin requirements. 

In addition, it can cause seizures in rare cases, so it should not be given to dogs with a history of epilepsy or other seizure disorders. 

Prozac should be avoided in pregnant and lactating dogs, as well as in dogs with a known allergy to the medication. It should be used with caution in dogs with liver disease, and such dogs often require a lower dose.

It is also important to tell your vet if your dog is on any medications (i.e., carprofen, gabapentin, etc.), vitamins, or supplements before starting Prozac in case of any drug interactions. 

Some drugs that may interact with Prozac include:

• Tricyclic antidepressants 
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) 
• Benzodiazepines like diazepam and alprazolam 
• Trazodone 
• Methadone 
• Tramadol 
• Insulin 
• Warfarin
• Clopidogrel  
• Beta blockers
• Flea/tick collars containing amitraz  
• Phenytoin 
• Diuretics 

When Prozac is combined with other drugs that increase serotonin levels, like MAOIs (i.e., selegiline), trazodone, tricyclic antidepressants, or other SSRIs, there is a risk of serotonin syndrome. 

Serotonin syndrome has mainly been documented in humans, but it has been rarely reported in dogs. It causes neurological, gastrointestinal, cardiorespiratory, and coagulation disorders, and it can be fatal. 

For this reason, dogs require a “wash-out” period between Prozac and other serotonin-boosting medications to allow the metabolites of the first medication to disappear before starting the new one.

How much does Prozac for dogs cost? 

The price of Prozac for dogs depends on where it is obtained and the required dose. Since Prozac requires a prescription, it must be bought from a veterinary clinic or a pharmacy that dispenses medications for pets—a written prescription is required for the latter. 

Generally, Prozac is quite affordable, even in larger dogs who require a higher dose of medication. Your veterinarian can give you more information on how much Prozac will cost for your dog and where you can buy it.